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IMMUNOSERO LEC FINALS > M8 > Flashcards

M8 Flashcards

1
Q

are involved in the regulation of
the immune response

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

Small soluble proteins that regulate the immune
system, orchestrating both innate immunity and the
adaptive response to infection

A

CYTOKINES

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3
Q

Chemical messengers, produced by several different
types of cells, have activity-modulating effects on the
hematopoietic and immune systems through
activation of cell-bound receptor proteins

A

CYTOKINES

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4
Q

induced in response to stimuli (e.g.
LPS, flagellin) through ligation of cell adhesion
molecules or through recognition of foreign antigens
by host lymphocytes

A

CYTOKINES

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5
Q

Cytokines are produced in the presence of
antigens such as the ones containing
___ AND __, which are
bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharides and flagellin

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6
Q

Direct the growth, differentiation, and gene expression
by many different cell types, including leukocytes.

A

CYTOKINES

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7
Q

Expression of cytokines and their receptors is ___
regulated

A

highly

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8
Q

Whenever there would be an inducing
stimulus (e.g. LPS or flagellin) or any
presence of antigen molecules, certain
_______would cause the
cytokine gene to become activated, thus,
producing cytokines

A

cytokine-producing cells

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9
Q

Once they are in the ______, they will
attach and send signal, causing the target
cell for its gene to be activated, which then
leads to different biological effects

A

receptor

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10
Q

Same cell
secretes and
receives cytokine
signal

A

AUTOCRINE

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11
Q

Cytokine signal
secreted to a
nearby cell

A

PARACRINE

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12
Q

Cytokine signal
secreted to
circulatory
system; travels to
distant cells

A

ENDOCRINE

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13
Q

■ Cytokine-producing cell and target
cell are the ____

A

same

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14
Q

Involvement of the circulatory
system where there is travel

A

ENDOCRINE

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15
Q

Cytokine-producing cell (CPC) will
secrete cytokines and go to ___ and ____

A

blood
vessel and distant responding cell

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16
Q

Cytokines are ____,one cytokine can have
different effects on different cells

A

pleiotropic

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17
Q

Cytokine-producing cell is the activated
____

A

T-helper cell

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18
Q

T helper will secrete the ____

A

cytokine IL-4

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19
Q

Cytokine-producing cell that is the activated
T-helper cell will secrete three types of
cytokines ____

A

(IL-2, IL-4, IL-5)

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20
Q

_____ will act together on the B-cell, it
will cause B-cell to induce class switch to ____

A

IL-4 and IL-5, IgE

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21
Q

REDUNDANCY ACTIVATED TH CELLS

A

IL2,4,5

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22
Q

SYNERGY ACTIVATED TH CELLS

A

IL4,5

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23
Q

ANTAGONISM REDUNDANCY ACTIVATED TH CELLS

A

IL4 AND IFNY

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24
Q

_____ would counter interleukin
4, causing the blockage or cessation from
inducing class switch to IgE

A

Interferon gamma

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25
Q

In a___, cytokines can stimulate the
production of other cytokines.

A

cascade effect

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26
Q

one cytokine-producing cell causes
the activation of another cell to produce
cytokines

A

DOMINO AFFECT

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27
Q

In cascade induction, when interferon gamma cytokine targets
macrophage, it causes macrophage to
become cytokine-producing cell, releasing
the _____

A

cytokine IL-12

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28
Q

IL-12 will have the target cell, activated
T-helper, also causing the activated T-helper
to secrete___

A

interferon gamma, tumor necrosis
factor, IL-2, and other cytokines

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29
Q

STRUCTURAL GROUPING

A
  1. Interferons
  2. Tumor Necrosis Factor
  3. Interleukins (IL-1 to IL-32)
  4. Transforming Growth Factors (TGF)
  5. Colony stimulating factors (CSF
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30
Q

Mediators and regulators of innate immunity
● Act on ___ and ___ to
stimulate early innate response

A

endothelial cells and leukocytes

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31
Q

Mediators and regulators of adaptive immunity
● Act on ____to stimulate and regulate
adaptive responses to specific things

A

lymphocytes

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32
Q

Stimulators of hematopoiesis
● Act on the ___to stimulate growth
and differentiation of ___ and ___

A

bone marrow , leukocytes and
lymphocytes

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33
Q

CYTOKINES OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

● Type 1 IFN (IFN-ɑ, IFN-β)
● IL-1
● IL-6
● IL-12
● IL-15
● IL-18
● TNF-ɑ
● TGF-β
● Chemokines

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34
Q

TYPE 1

A

(IFN-ɑ AND IFN-β)

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35
Q

Interferes with viral replication and cell division.

A

TYPE 1 (IFN-ɑ AND IFN-β)

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36
Q

Activates natural killer cells and enhances Class-1
MHC expression, thus increasing the recognition and
killing of virus=infected cells

A

TYPE 1 (IFN-ɑ AND IFN-β)

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37
Q

IFN-ɑ:

A

leukocytes

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38
Q

IFN-β:

A

fibroblasts, epithelial cells

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39
Q

IL-1 family consists of

A

IL-1β, IL-1a, and IL-1RA

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40
Q

Origin of IL1

A

monocytes and macrophages

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41
Q

______acts as an antagonist to IL-1 by blocking the
IL-1 receptor and limiting the availability of the
receptor for IL-1.

A

IL-1RA

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42
Q

Acts as an endogenous pyrogen and induces fever
in acute phase response through its actions in the
hypothalamus

A

IL1

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43
Q

IL1:Acts as an ____ and induces fever
in acute phase response through its actions in the
hypothalamus

A

endogenous pyrogen

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44
Q

Induces the production of vascular cell-adhesion
molecules as well as chemokines and IL-6.

A

IL1

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45
Q

Origin of IL1

A

macrophages, T cells, osteoblasts

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46
Q

It is part of the cytokine cascade released in response
to lipopolysaccharide and plays an important role in
acute phase reactions and the adaptive immune
response

A

IL6

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47
Q

IL-1 causes the secretion of ____which is
a part of a cascade effect, wherein one
cytokine would cause the creation of another
cytokine

A

IL-6

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48
Q

expressed by a variety of normal and
transformed cells, including T cells, B cells monocytes
and macrophages, fibroblasts, hepatocytes,
keratinocytes, astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells
and various tumor cells

A

IL6

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49
Q

● Stimulates B cells to proliferate and differentiate into
plasma cells and induces CD4+ T cells to produce
greater quantities of both pro- and anti- inflammatory
cytokines

A

IL6

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50
Q

IL-12

A

(NK STIMULATORY FACTOR)

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51
Q

ORIGIN OF IL12:

A

B cells and macrophages

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52
Q

IL12 Stimulates the production of IFN-γ by __

A

NK and T cells

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53
Q

stimulating the differentiation of naive T cells into Th1
cells and enhancing cytolytic functions of activated
NK cells and CD8+ T cells

A

IL12

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54
Q

Growth factor for activated NK-LAK cells

A

IL12

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55
Q

ORIGIN OF IL15

A

T cells

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56
Q

It is produced in response to viral infection and other
signals that trigger innate immunity

A

IL15

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57
Q

Promotes proliferation of NK cells

A

IL15

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58
Q

Produces survival signals for memory lymphocytes

A

IL15

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59
Q

Acts as synergist in LAK cell induction process

A

IL15

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60
Q

Increases anti-tumoral activities of T-killer and NK
cells and can be chemoattractant for T lymphocytes

A

IL15

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61
Q

__is key condition for IFN-γ synthesis

A

Endogenous IL-15

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62
Q

ORIGIN OF IL 18

A

MACROPHAGE

63
Q

Acts as synergist with IL-12 which stimulates the
production of IFN-γ by NK and T cells

A

IL18

64
Q

High IFN-γ production under integrated effect of ____ AND ___ suppresses tumor growth

A

IL-18
and IL-12

65
Q

TNf-A

A

CACHECTIN

66
Q

Activates T cells through its ability to induce
expression of _____molecules, vascular
adhesion molecules, and chemokines

A

MHC class II

67
Q

Activates T cells through its ability to induce
expression of MHC class II molecules, vascular
adhesion molecules, and chemokines

A

TNF-a

68
Q

When secreted at higher levels, TNF can have
deleterious systemic effects, leading to septic shock,
causing a decrease in blood pressure, reduced tissue
perfusion, and disseminated intravascular
coagulation. The latter may lead to uncontrolled
bleeding

A

TNF-a

69
Q

ORIGIN OF TNF B

A

T CELLS

70
Q

Active transforming growth factor (TGF-) is primarily a
regulator of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis,
migration, and the inflammatory response.

A

TNF B

71
Q

acts as a control to help down-regulate the
inflammatory response when no longer needed

A

TNF B

72
Q

INHIBITORY CYTOKINE

A

TNF B

73
Q

_____regulates the expression of CD8 in CD4–
CD8– thymocytes and acts as an autocrine inhibitory
factor for ____thymocytes

A

TGF-β , immature

74
Q

_____blocks the production of IL-12 and strongly
inhibits the induction of IFN-γ

A

TGF-β

75
Q

Family of cytokines that enhance motility and promote
migration of many types of white blood cells toward
the source of the chemokine (chemotaxis)

A

CHEMOKINES

76
Q

Chemokines Structural grouping:

A

C Chemokines, CC Chemokines,
CXC Chemokines and CX3C Chemokines

77
Q

control the
migration of cells during the normal
development and maintenance of tissues
and lymphoid organs

A

homeostatic chemokines

78
Q

produced in
response to infection or injury and direct the
migration of leukocytes into the infected or
damaged site

A

inflammatory chemokines

79
Q

some
chemokines promote the development of
blood vessels (pro-angiogenic) others
prevent the development of blood vessels
(anti-angiogenic).

A

Angiogenic chemokines:

80
Q

CYTOKINES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

● Th1 cytokines
○ IFN-γ
○ IL-2
● Th2 cytokines
○ IL-4
○ IL-10
● IL-5
● IL-13

81
Q

ORIGIN OF IFN Y

A

Th1 cells

82
Q

Regulation and activation of CD4 Th1 cells, CD8
cytotoxic lymphocytes, NK cells, bactericidal activities,
___ and ___

A

IL-12R and IL-18R

83
Q

stimulates antigen presentation by MHC I and
MHC II molecules

A

IFNY

84
Q

Stimulator of macrophages and boosts their tumoricidal activity

A

IFN y

85
Q

ORIGIN OF IL2

A

TH cells

86
Q

It drives the growth and differentiation of both T and B
cells and induces lytic activity in NK cells.

A

IL2

87
Q

_____alone can activate proliferation of Th2 cells and
helps to generate IgG1 and IgE producing cells

A

IL-2

88
Q

ORIGIN OF IL4

A

: T cells & mast cells

89
Q

Induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0
cells) to Th2 cells.

A

IL4

90
Q

Promotes the production of IgG2a and IgE and, along
with IL-5, drives the differentiation and activation of
eosinophils in both allergic immune responses and
the response to parasitic infections.

A

IL4

91
Q

ORIGIN OF IL10

A

monocytes, macrophages, CD8+ T cells and
Th2 CD4+ T cells

92
Q

Inhibits activated macrophages; displays potent
abilities to suppress antigen presenting of APCs.

A

IL10

93
Q

Released by Tc cells to inhibit the action of NK cells
during immune response to viral infection.

A

IL10

94
Q

Predominantly an inhibitory cytokine

A

IL10

95
Q

ORIGIN OF IL5

A

Th cells and mast cells

96
Q

Activates eosinophils and serve as link between T cell
activation and eosinophilic inflammation

A

IL5

97
Q

Stimulates growth and differentiation of eosinophils
and activates mature eosinophils

A

IL5

98
Q

Growth and differentiation-inducing factor for activated
T and B cells; induces class-specific B cell
differentiation (IgA production)

A

IL5

99
Q

Aids in specifying to become an IgA
antibody

A

IL5

100
Q

ORIGIN OF IL13

A

T CELLS

101
Q

Similar to IL-4 but appears to have less effect on T or
B cells than IL-4

A

IL13

102
Q

Inhibit activation of macrophage and antagonize
IFN-Y

A

IL13

103
Q

Important mediator of allergic inflammation and
disease

A

IL13

104
Q

Activation of lymphocytes requires 2 signals:

A
  1. Being antigen
  2. Being molecules that are produced during
    innate immune response to microbes or
    injured cells.
105
Q

Activation of the small lymphocytes whether
it is a T cell or a B cell and even an NK cell

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

106
Q

____ stimulates the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T
cells to the Th1 subset of effector cells.

A

IL-12

107
Q

______stimulate the differentiation of
naïve CD4+T cells to the Th17 subset of effector
cells.

A

IL-1, IL-6, and IL-23

108
Q

stimulate the differentiation of
naïve CD4+ T cells to the Th2 subset of effector cells

A

IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP

109
Q

TSLP

A

thymic stromal lymphopoietin

110
Q

promotes the survival of memory CD8+ T cells.

A

● IL-15

111
Q

promotes the production of antibodies by
activated cells.

A

IL16

112
Q

○ is a cytokine that is produced by and inhibits
activation of macrophages and DCs.

A

IL10

113
Q

excellent example of negative feedback
regulator

A

IL10

114
Q

○ functions as competitive inhibitor of IL-1

A

IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-IRA)

115
Q

act as “decoy” that
competitively inhibits IL-1 binding to the Type
1 signaling receptor.

A

● IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-IRA)

116
Q

self consume/self killing;
“starvation”; a type of apoptosis

A

AUTOPHAGY

117
Q

inhibitors of JAK-STAT
signaling pathways linked to cytokine
receptors

A

Suppressors of cytokine signaling
(SOCS) proteins

118
Q
  • limit responses of these
    cells to exogenous cytokines such as type 1
    interferons
A

○ SOCS proteins

119
Q

negatively regulates
proinflammatory responses of cells to TLR
signaling

A

SHP-1

120
Q

If it encounters a healthy cell, NK
cells are ____

A

not activated

121
Q

When there will be too much NK
cells like an inhibitory receptor,
there would be a
___

A

normal cell

122
Q

MHC ____stops or
prevents the activation of
NK cells

A

class I

123
Q

Naive (inactivated) B cells bind antigens to
bind to the _____

A

membrane-bound antibodies

124
Q

Occurs when IgG antibodies bind to the FcγR
present on the B cells and antigen cross links that IgG
antibody with the membrane bound immunoglobulin

A

TURNING OFF THE B CELL RESPONSE

125
Q

Naive CD4+ T cells

A

T helper
precursor cells (Thp)

126
Q

___is a coreceptor
that is required for optimal activation of T
cells because it participates in intracellular
signaling events.

A

CD4

127
Q

Th1 cells secretes

A

type 1 cytokines

128
Q

Naive C8+ T cells that leave the thymus are cells that
are referred to as____

A

pre-cytotoxic T lymphocyte (pCTL)

129
Q

can be activated at the site of
infection and not solely in secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Memory CD4+ T cells

130
Q

can be activated at the site of the
infection, irrespective of whether this is an initial
response or a subsequent encounter

A

CD8+ T cells

131
Q

Ingestion and elimination of ____by phagocytes
is also a major reaction of_____ immunity, but T cells
greatly enhance its function of phagocytes

A

microbes , innate

132
Q

SUBSETS OF CD4+ EFFECTOR CELLS

A

● Th1
● Th2
● Th17

133
Q

th1

A

IFN y

134
Q

Th2

A

Th2 cells: IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

135
Q

. Th17 cells

A

IL-17 and IL-32

136
Q

Autoimmunity;
chronic
inflammation

A

th1

137
Q

Allergy
🔊 also involved in
parasitic, but more
specifically in allergic

A

Th2

138
Q

Extracellular
bacteria and
fungi

A

Th17

139
Q

Extracellular
pathogens

A

Tfh

140
Q

Eosinophil and
mast cells
activation;
alternative
macrophages
activation

A

Th2

141
Q

Neutrophil
recruitment and
activation

A

Th17

142
Q

Macrophage
activation

A

Th1

143
Q

A normal homeostatic mechanism that is necessary
for maintaining normal cell numbers

A

apoptosis

144
Q

● Occurs through a series of biochemical reactions
within cell that lead to chromatin condensation, DNA
fragmentation, cell shrinkage, and membrane
blebbing

A

apoptosis

145
Q

2 major pathways:

A

○ Mitochondrial (or intrinsic) pathway
○ Death receptor (or extrinsic) pathway

146
Q

Regulated by BCL-2 proteins

A

○ Mitochondrial (or intrinsic) pathway

147
Q

maintain or
control the apoptosis through this pathway

A

○ Mitochondrial (or intrinsic) pathway

148
Q

responsible in preventing
apoptosis by staying inside the mitochondria

A

Cytochrome c

149
Q

must NEVER come into
contact with the cytochrome C

A

APAF 1

150
Q

This pathway is initiated when cytoplasmic
proteins belonging to the BH3 family binds to
the proteins Bax and Bak

A

Mitochondrial/Intrinsic pathway

151
Q

____will lead to DNA fragmentation,
damage… until the entirety of the cell is
damaged

A

Caspase 9

152
Q

Cytochrome C will only come out when BH3
proteins bind to the___ and __

A

Bax and Bak

153
Q

When this interaction occurs, changes in
FAS receptor leads to FADD trigger
activation of ______

A

procaspase 8

154
Q

which initiate caspase that
activate BH3 protein bind to Bax and Bak,
leading apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway

A

caspase 8

IMMUNOSERO LEC FINALS (3 decks)

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