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IMMUNOSERO LEC FINALS > M10 > Flashcards

M10 Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasms or the so-called cancers or malignancies

A

TUMOR

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2
Q

study of the relationship between the immune system and cancer cells.

A

TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY

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3
Q

Areas of concern of Tumor Immunology

A

The antigens associated with tumor cells
The host’s immune responses to tumors
Mechanisms by which tumors are thought to escape these responses
Therapeutic use of the immune system in an attempt to eradicate tumors.

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4
Q

Small, uniformly shaped nuclei

A

NORMAL CELL

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5
Q

Large, variable shaped nuclei

A

TUMOR

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6
Q

Relatively large cytoplasm volume

A

NORMAL CELL

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7
Q

Relatively small cytoplasmic volume

A

TUMOR

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8
Q

Uniform cell size and shape

A

NORMAL

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9
Q

Variation of cell size and shape

A

TUMOR

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10
Q

Organized arrangement of cells into tissues

A

NORMAL

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11
Q

Disorganized arrangement of cells

A

TUMOR

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12
Q

Normal presentation

A

NORMAL

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13
Q

Elevated expression of cell markers

A

TUMOR CELL

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14
Q

Lower levels of dividing cell

A

NORMAL

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15
Q

Large number of dividing cells

A

TUMOR

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16
Q

Clear demarcation

A

NORMAL

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17
Q

Poorly defined cell boundaries

A

TUMOR

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18
Q

Demarcation - outline

A

These cells have a smooth, non-fuzzy outline

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19
Q

TYPES OF TUMORS

A

Benign
Malignant

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20
Q

Malignant types

A

Carcinoma
Sarcoma

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21
Q

NENIGN

A

Small
Slow-growing
Non-invasive
Well-differentiated
Localized

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22
Q

Large
Fast-growing
Invasive
Poorly-differentiated
Can metastasize

A

MALIGNANT

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23
Q

forms in the skin or tissue cells that line the body’s internal organs, such as the kidneys and liver.

A

CARCINOMA

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24
Q

body’s connective tissue cells, which include fat, blood vessels, nerves, bones, muscles, deep skin tissue and cartilage.

A

sarcoma

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25
Q

____ is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells that triggers an immune response in the host.

A

Tumor antigens

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26
Q

They can be broadly classified into two groups:

A

tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) and tumor- associated antigens (TAAs).

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27
Q

Unique to the tumor of an individual patient or shared by a limited number of patients with the same type of tumor

A

TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS (TSAS)

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28
Q

Coded for by ____ that have undergone genetic mutations

A

viral oncogenes, host proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes

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29
Q

well known example of TSA

A

BCR-ABL fusion protein

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30
Q

marker for a type of leukemia called Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

A

Oncogene

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31
Q

BCR-ABL gene, there is a so-called

A

translocation

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32
Q

mutation that is formed by the combination of two genes, known as BCR and ABL (fusion gene).

A

BCR-ABL

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33
Q

The ABL gene is normally found on the long arm of

A

chromosome number 9,

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34
Q

BCR gene is also found on the long arm of

A

chromosome number 22.

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35
Q

The BCR-ABL gene contains instructions that tell the abnormal cell to produce too much of a protein called

A

tyrosine kinase

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36
Q

In a___, the ABL gene will move or will be cut and removed, and will attach to the BCR genes, forming a change chromosome 22.

A

translocation

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37
Q

This causes the chromosome 22 to become the so-called ____

A

Philadelphia chromosome.

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38
Q

The Philadelphia chromosome is also called the _____, which is a marker for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML).

A

BCR-ABL fusion gene

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39
Q

CML is an example of a____

A

tumor-specific antigen (TSA).

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40
Q

An ____ is a virus that can cause cancer.

A

oncovirus or oncogenic virus

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41
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

A

Burkitt lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma
Leiomyosarcomas
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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42
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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43
Q

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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44
Q

Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)

A

Kaposi sarcoma

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45
Q

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

A

Cervical cancer
Other genital and anal cancers

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46
Q

Human T-lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-1)

A

Adult T-cell leukemia or lymphoma

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47
Q

Merkel cell polyomavirus

A

Merkel cell carcinoma (a type of skin cance

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48
Q

___are expressed in normal cells as well as in tumor cells

A

TAAs

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49
Q

Tumor cells abnormally express these protein or carbohydrate antigens in terms of their ____

A

concentration, location, or stage of differentiation.

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50
Q

TAAs can be a ___

A

peptide, glycolipid or glycoprotein antigen

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51
Q

peptide, glycolipid or glycoprotein antigen

A

three major peptide TAAs

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52
Q

Expressed in many tumors, but not in most normal tissues.

A

SHARED TSAs

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53
Q

The only normal cells in which they have been detected are testicular germ cells

A

SHARED TSAs

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54
Q

lesser extent, placental trophoblasts and ovaries.

A

SHARED TSAs

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55
Q

Expressed on immature cells of a particular lineage.

A

DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS

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56
Q

example of a TAA in this group is the

A

CD10 antigen

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57
Q

CD10 antigen (previously known as theor____)

A

common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen

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58
Q

normally found on pre-B cells but not on mature B cells.

A

common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen

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59
Q

expressed by melanoma tumors.

A

melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) proteins

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60
Q

____ that are normally expressed on developing cells of the fetus

A

oncofetal or embryonic antigens

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61
Q

There is a possibility of the presence of differentiation antigens if oncofetal or embryonic antigens are found in___

A

adult cells

62
Q

Found in higher levels on malignant cells than on normal cells

A

OVEREXPRESSED ANTIGENS

63
Q

Genetic mutations that occur during transformation are thought to deregulate expression of these proteins, resulting in levels up to ____ times greater than normal

A

100

64
Q

well-known example of a TAA in this category is the ____, a transmembrane receptor that binds ____.

A

human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein, human epidermal growth factor

65
Q

Biological substances that are found in increased amounts in the ____ of patients with a specific type of cancer.

A

blood, body fluids, or tissues

66
Q

proteins, carbohydrates, oncofetal antigens, hormones, metabolites, receptors, or enzymes

A

Tumor markers

67
Q

___, which is common among men

A

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

68
Q

ideal tumor marker should have six characteristics. A marker should

A

Be produced by the tumor itself or by the patient’s body in response to the tumor
Be secreted into a biological fluid, where it can be inexpensively and easily quantified (e.g. blood and other bodily fluids)

Have a circulating half-life long enough to permit its concentration to rise with increasing tumor load.

Increase to clinically significant levels above the reference level while the disease is still treatable
Have a high sensitivity
Have a high specificity

69
Q

Nonseminomatous testicular germ cell
Liver

A

Alpha-fetoprotein
(AFP)

70
Q

Screening conducted in high-risk populations for liver cancer such as those with liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis

A

Alpha-fetoprotein
(AFP)

71
Q

In ___, both AFP and hCG are elevated.

A

germ cell tumors

72
Q

β2– microglobulin

A

B-lymphocyte malignancies

73
Q

Part of class I MHC
molecule

A

β2– microglobulin

74
Q

Higher levels imply poor prognosis in multiple myeloma.

A

β2– microglobulin

75
Q

Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma

A

Calcitonin and
Serum Calcium
(Ca++)

76
Q

MEDULLARY CARCINOMA
INCREASE:
DECREASE:

A

MEDULLARY CARCINOMA
INCREASE: CALCITONIN
DECREASE: SERUM CA++

77
Q

WBC

A

CD markers

78
Q

Colorectal
Breast
Lung

A

Carcinoembryonic
antigen (CEA)

79
Q

Tissues of endodermal
origin

A

Carcinoembryonic
antigen (CEA)

80
Q

Carcinoembryonic
antigen (CEA)

CONDITIONS

A

Renal failure
Nonneoplastic
liver and Intestinal disease
Age

81
Q

Values increased with age and in smokers.

A

Carcinoembryonic
antigen (CEA)

82
Q

Ovarian adenocarcinoma

A

Carbohydrate
Antigen (CA) 125

83
Q

Carbohydrate
Antigen (CA) 125

CONDITIONS

A

Endometriosis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Uterine fibroids
Pregnancy

84
Q

Increases can occur during menstruation.

Screening is only recommended for women with a family history of ovarian cancer

A

Carbohydrate
Antigen (CA) 125

85
Q

Breast cancer
Pancreatic, lung, colorectal, ovarian, and liver cancers

A

CA 15-3

86
Q

Pancreatic

A

CA 19-9

87
Q

Mammary tissue

A

CA 15-3

88
Q

Benign breast disease
Benign liver disease

A

CA 15-3

89
Q

CA 15-3 is a ____directed against an epitope of ___

A

monoclonal antibody ,episialin.

90
Q

Benign hepatobiliary and pancreatic conditions

A

CA 19-9

91
Q

Sialylated Lewisa blood group antigen

A

CA 19-9

92
Q

Subjects who are
___persons cannot synthesize CA 19-9.

A

Lewisa-and Lewisb-

93
Q

Breast adenocarcinoma

A

Estrogen or
Progesterone
receptors (ER/PR)

94
Q

nonseminomatous
testicular cancer germ cell trophoblastic (hydatidiform
mole, choriocarcinoma)

A

Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin
(hCG)

95
Q

Malignancies can produce free α and β chains as well as intact α and β dimer.

A

Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin
(hCG)

96
Q

Growth factor gene
in all cells

A

HER2 (neu) or neu

97
Q

_____are more strongly associated with prostate cancer

A

Decreased percent of free PSA and PSA velocity greater than 0.75 ng/mL/year

98
Q

____ may be high when PTH is
elevated in parathyroid carcinoma.

A

Serum Ca++

99
Q

PTH has a _____, so levels are done intraoperatively to ensure complete
parathyroid tumor removal.

A

short half-life

100
Q

Patients with cirrhosis or hepatitis tend to have a____AFP.

A

higher or increased

101
Q

High cell turnover conditions = increased cell death → increased cell creation

A

β2–microglobulin

102
Q

The opposite happens in parathyroid carcinoma, ___

A

where both calcium and PTH are increased

103
Q

The key cells involved in innate immune responses to tumors

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

104
Q

Tumor cells become susceptible to killing by NK cells when they____ of class I MHC or they___expression of ligands that bind activating NK cell receptors.

A

downregulate (decrease) expression, upregulate (increase)

105
Q

NK cells express CD16 receptors that bind the immobilized antibody and activate the release of _____

A

perforins and granzymes.

106
Q

NK cells are also known as the ____

A

Large Granular Lymphocyte

107
Q

NK cells could kill tumor cells via ____

A

Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC).

108
Q

__ activated in vitro by IFN-γ have been shown to possess tumoricidal capabilities.

A

Macrophages

109
Q

Mediates the primary mechanism of adaptive immunity against tumors.

A

CYTOTOXIC T CELL

110
Q

CD8+ T cell responses specific for tumor antigens may require cross presentation of the tumor antigens by____

A

dendritic cells.

111
Q

Activated by Dendritic cells by presenting tumor antigens in conjunction with class II MHC molecules

A

HELPER T CELL

112
Q

May play a role in tumor immunity by secreting cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN-γ

A

HELPER T CELL

113
Q

Tumors evade _____ by engaging inhibitory molecules that normally function to prevent autoimmunity or regulate immune responses to microbes.

A

antitumor T cell responses

114
Q

____are immature myeloid precursors that accumulate in bone marrow, lymphoid tissues, blood, and tumors of tumor-bearing animals and cancer patients, and suppress innate and T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses

A

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)

115
Q

This phenomenon has been called____, implying that the immune response directs changes in tumors that help them evade the response

A

immunoediting

116
Q

Immunoediting is thought to consist of three phases:____

A

elimination, equilibrium, and escape

117
Q

essentially the same as the immunosurveillance concept of the immune system

A

ELIMINATION

118
Q

In this phase, tumor cells are thought to enter a state of ____with the immune system, which keeps altered cells under control so that they are not clinically evident.

A

dynamic equilibrium

119
Q

The dynamic interactions between the tumor and the immune system are thought to shape the ____, hence the term immunoediting.

A

phenotype of the tumor and its ultimate outcome

120
Q

During the ___, mutations can occur in the genetically insatiable transformed cells

A

equilibrium phase

121
Q

Some tumors downregulate the expression of tumor antigens or MHC molecules on the cell surface, making them less likely to be recognized by T cells.

A

ESCAPE

122
Q

Some tumor antigens may also be masked by glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell surface, making them inaccessible to the immune system.

A

ESCAPE

123
Q

Some tumor cells have impaired cell surface binding to perforin or have defective apoptosis-inducing receptors such as Fas

A

ESCAPE

124
Q

Tumor cells pretend as cells that are not capable of causing diseases.

A

Equilibrium

125
Q

Tumor cells no longer pretend, rather, it will have a stronger control over the immune system

A

Escape

126
Q

“Harness the ability of the immune system to destroy tumor cells”

A

IMMUNOTHERAPY

127
Q

Immunotherapeutic methods can be classified into three major types:

A

Active immunotherapy
Passive immunotherapy
Adoptive immunotherapy

128
Q

began the first systematic immunotherapy by stimulating the patient’s own immune system to respond to TAA

A

William Coley

129
Q

Coley developed “Coley’s Toxin” which is a mixture of ____

A

killed S. pyogenes and killed Serratia marcescens

130
Q

used to treat patients with inoperable bone and soft-tissue sarcomas

A

Coley’s Toxin

131
Q

Involves the administration of soluble components of the immune system to boost the immune response

A

PASSIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY

132
Q

Artificial immune components are introduced to the body, such as:
___

A

Cytokines
Monoclonal antibodies

133
Q

Granulocyte colony
stimulating factor (G-CSF)

A

IFN-α

134
Q

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

A

IL-2

135
Q

Monoclonal antibodies in cancer immunotherapy have been directed against seven major categories of antigens:

A

CD antigens
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Carbohydrates
Vascular targets
Stromal and Extracellular antigens
Growth factors

136
Q

Surface antigens on tumor cells

A

Opsonization
Complement-mediated cytotoxicity
ADCC

137
Q

a MAb+ directed against the CD20 antigen on B cells: used to treat B -cell neoplasms

A

Rituximab,

138
Q

a MAb directed against mature lymphocyte antigen, CD52; used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and T-cell lymphomas

A

Alemtuzumab

139
Q

Block signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival

A

Cell surface receptors

140
Q

a MAb directed against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), used to treat colorectal cancer

A

Panitumumab

141
Q

MAb directed against HER2, used to treat breast and gastroesophageal tumors with overexpressed HER2

A

Trastuzumab

142
Q

Inhibit formation of blood vessels necessary for delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tumor

A

Antigens involved in
angiogenesis

143
Q

a MAb directed against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); for treatment of glioblastoma, colon, lung, and renal cancers

A

Bevacizumab

144
Q

Enhance anti-tumor-specific T-cell responses by preventing T-cell inhibition

A

Molecules that block T-cell activation and proliferation by binding to molecules on antigen-presenting cells

145
Q

a MAb directed against CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4); for treatment of metastatic melanoma

A

Ipilimumab

146
Q

MAbs directed against PD-1 (programmed death1); used to treat melanoma, colon cancer. and other tumors

A

Nivolumab and Lambrolizumab,

147
Q

Deliver potent toxic molecules directly to tumor cells

A

Antibody–drug conjugates (immunotoxins) directed against TSAs

148
Q

an immunotoxin directed against the CD30 antigen; used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma

A

Brentuximab vedotin

149
Q

an immunotoxin directed against the HER2 antigen; for treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer

A

Trastuzumab-DM1

150
Q

This type of immunotherapy involves the transfer of immune cells that were previously exposed to a tumor, to cancer patients.
The transfer of these immune cells is thought to effectively assist the patient’s body in eliminating tumor cells.

A

ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY

150
Q

This type of immunotherapy involves the transfer of immune cells that were previously exposed to a tumor, to cancer patients.
The transfer of these immune cells is thought to effectively assist the patient’s body in eliminating tumor cells.

A

ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY

151
Q

This type of immunotherapy involves the transfer of immune cells that were previously exposed to a tumor, to cancer patients.
The transfer of these immune cells is thought to effectively assist the patient’s body in eliminating tumor cells.

A

ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY

IMMUNOSERO LEC FINALS (3 decks)

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