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Biostatistics Laboratory > M6 Preventive Medicine > Flashcards

M6 Preventive Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is PREVENTIVE MEDICINE?

A
  • science and art of PREVENTING DISEASE,
    PROLONGING LIFE, and PROMOTING PHYSICAL and MENTAL HEALTH and EFFICIENCY.
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2
Q

What does PUBLIC HEALTH ENCOMPASSES?

A
  • those UNDERTAKEN FOR THE PREVENTION OF DISEASES and the PROMOTION OF HEALTH which are primarily a community responsibility.
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3
Q

What are the 3 OBJECTIVE OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE?

A
  1. PROMOTE OPTIMUM HEALTH
    - have a physically and mentally sounded body
  2. PREVENT DEPARTURE FROM HEALTH
    - free from any forms of illness
  3. PREVENT DISABLING ILLNESS AFTER THE ONSET OF DISEASE IN MAN
    - to fix any forms of disability by
    means of rehabilitation.
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4
Q

What are the 3 LEVELS of PREVENTION?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
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5
Q

What is PRIMARY PREVENTION?

A
  • individual’s capacity is GOOD and EXPERIENCES
    NO ILLNESS.
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6
Q

What is the GOAL OF PRIMARY PREVENTION?

A
  • to MAINTAIN PRESENT HEALTH STATUS, or to further PROMOTE IT.
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7
Q

What is the KEY OBJECTIVES OF PRIMARY PREVENTION?

A
  • this level is designed to PROMOTE GENERAL OPTIMUM HEALTH or by the SPECIFIC PROTECTION of man against disease agents or the establishment of barriers against agents in the environment.
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8
Q

What is HEALTH PROMOTION?

A

a. health education
b. case standard of nutrition adjusted to
developmental phases of life
c. attention to personality developmental
phases of life
d. provision of adequate housing and
recreation
e. agreeable working conditions
f. marriage counseling and sex education

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9
Q

What is SPECIFIC PROTECTION?

A

a. use of specific immunization
b. attention to personal hygiene
c. environmental sanitation
d. protection against occupational
hazards
e. protection from accidents
f. use of specific nutrients
g. protection from carcinogens
h. avoidance of allergens

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10
Q

What is SECONDARY PREVENTION?

A
  • the individual is RECOVERING FROM A DISEASE
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11
Q

What is the GOAL OF SECONDARY PREVENTION?

A
  • this level is accomplished by EARLY DIAGNOSIS, PROMPT, and ADEQUATE TREATMENT to prevent spread of the disease as well as further complication is eliminated.
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12
Q

What are the OTHER CONCERN OF SECONDARY PREVENTION?

A
  • remedied by having PERIODIC HEALTH EXAMINATIONS
  • PERIOD OF DISABILITY IS SHORTENED due to adequate facilities were provided as a result death is prevented.
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13
Q

What is TERTIARY PREVENTION?

A
  • the level wherein the DEFECT AND DISABILITY HAVE BEEN FIXED which is accomplished by REHABILITATION.
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13
Q

What are the ways TO ENHANCE THE REMAINING CAPACITIES OF AN AFFECT INDIVIDUAL?

A
  1. therapy hospital should be provided
  2. full employment to be given in
    disabled person
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14
Q

What are the CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTION BASED ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE MICROORGANISMS IN THE HOST?

A
  1. Local infection
  2. Focal infection
  3. Systemic or General infection
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15
Q

What is LOCAL INFECTION?

A
  • invading microorganisms are CONFINED IN ONE AREA. i.e. WOUND
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16
Q

What is FOCAL INFECTION?

A
  • microorganisms are confined to one area,
    w/c MAY SERVE AS A SOURCE FOR further
    DISSEMINATION OF TOXIC MATERIALS TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY. i.e. DIARRHEA
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17
Q

What is SYSTEMIC or GENERAL INFECTION?

A
  • when there is a GENERAL INVASION and the ENTIRE BODY SEEMS TO BE AFFECTED. i.e. TYPHOID FEVER and CANCER
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18
Q

What are the 5 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYSTEMIC INFECTION?

A
  1. Bacteremia
  2. Septicemia
  3. Pyemia
  4. Sapremia
  5. Toxemia
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19
Q

What is BACTEREMIA?

A
  • the PRESENCE OF BACTERIA IN THE BLOODSTREAM BUT NO ACTIVE MULTIPLICATION on it. i.e. INFLUENZA and BOILS
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20
Q

What is SEPTICEMIA?

A
  • INVASION OF BACTERIA IN THE BLOOD STREAM w/ an ACTIVE MULTIPLICATION of microorganisms. i.e. TYPHOID FEVER caused by contaminated foods and drinks
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21
Q

What is PYEMIA?

A
  • PRESENCE OF PUS-FORMING BACTERIA IN THE BLOODSTREAM, characterized by the development of abscesses in various organs. i.e. STAPHYLOCOCCUS
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22
Q

What is SAPREMIA?

A
  • occurs as a result of the absorption of the products formed by the GROWTH OF SAPROPHYTES ON DISEASED OR INJURED TISSUES. i.e. CANNED FOOD POISONING BY B. STEAROTHERMOPHILUS
23
Q

What is TOXEMIA?

A
  • a condition of illness due to the presence in the bloodstream of toxins, caused by the INGESTION OF FOODS CONTAMINATED W/ TOXINS. i.e. TOXEMIA PREGNANCY
24
Q

What are the CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE ACCORDING TO THEIR DISTRIBUTION?

A
  1. Endemic
  2. Epidemic disease
  3. Pandemic
25
Q

What is ENDEMIC?

A
  • A SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE ARE AFFECTED among the population of a community. i.e. MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS, COMMON COLDS
26
Q

What is EPIDEMIC DISEASE?

A
  • when an endemic disease flares up AFFECTING A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE AND SPREAD FROM PERSON-TO-PERSON w/in a certain community.
    i.e. DIARRHEA, MEASLES, CHICKEN POX
27
Q

What is PANDEMIC?

A
  • when an epidemic becomes WIDESPREAD and the DISEASE IS PREVALENT THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE COUNTRY. i.e. BLOOD-BORNE INFECTIONS, HIV INFECTION
28
Q

What are the ELEMENTS OF AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE PROCESS?

A
  1. etiologic agents
  2. reservoir
  3. portal of entry and exits
  4. mode of transmission
  5. susceptible host
29
Q

What are ETIOLOGIC AGENTS?

A
  1. protozoa - SINGLE-CELLED parasites i.e. malaria, amoeba
  2. metazoa - MULTI-CELLULAR parasites i.e. tapeworms and blood flukes
  3. fungi - UNICELLULAR structure w/ long
    branching filaments i.e. ringworm, histoplasmosis
  4. bacteria - SINGLE CELL STRUCTURE
    a. normal bacteria: found lining the GIT, Gut, and skin
    b. bacteria causing disease: invade & multiply in a portion of the body; produce toxin; initiate hypersensitivity response
  5. rickettsia - microorganisms that are IN BETWEEN BACTERIA ( respond to antimicrobial agents) AND VIRUSES.
  6. viruses - obligate INTRACELLULAR MICROORGANISMS
30
Q

What are the 3 TYPES OF RESERVOIR?

A
  1. human carrier
  2. animals
  3. environment
31
Q

What are the 3 TYPES OF HUMAN CARRIER?

A
  1. incubatory carrier -TRANSMIT THE INFECTION BEFORE IT BECOME SYMPTOMATIC.
  2. convalescent carrier - patients who had RECOVERED FROM AN ACUTE ILLNESS MAY CONTINUE TO SHED THE ORGANISM, particularly enteric infections caused by Salmonella or Shigella.
  3. chronic carrier - patients WHO DEVELOP CHRONIC INFECTIONS AND TRANSMIT THE INFECTION for long periods of time, usually over 1 year.
32
Q

What is ANIMALS?

A
  • diseases that can be TRANSMITTED UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS FROM VERTEBRATE ANIMALS TO HUMANS termed as zoonoses. i.e. rabies, tularemia, leptospirosis
33
Q

What is ENVIRONMENT?

A

certain BIOLOGIC AGENTS, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, LIVE FREE IN THE ENVIRONMENT.

34
Q

What are the CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENT?

A

1.] stagnant water esp. in a canal where mosquitoes can breed and multiply

2.] dirty surrounding

3.] unsafe water supply due to pipeline leakage

35
Q

What are the PORTAL OF ENTRY?

A
  1. respiratory tract
  2. genitourinary tract
  3. alimentary tract
  4. skin
  5. in user transmission – belongings of an infected person like handkerchief of hepatitis infected
36
Q

What are the PORTAL OF EXIT?

A
  1. respiratory tract
  2. genitourinary tract
  3. alimentary tract
  4. skin
  5. in user transmission – belongings of an infected person like handkerchief of hepatitis infected
37
Q

What are the MODE OF TRANSMISSION?

A

a. Direct transmission
b. Indirect transmission

38
Q

What is DIRECT TRANSMISSION?

A
  • occurs when the RESERVOIR AND SUSCEPTIBLE HOST ARE IN CLOSE PROXIMITY
39
Q

What is PERSON-TO-PERSON OF DIRECT TRANSMISSION?

A
  • person-to-person spread occurs from SKIN CONTACT t (i.e. syphilis) or w/ an organism in the environment.
40
Q

What is INDIRECT TRANSMISSION?

A
  • occurs when the RESERVOIR AND SUSCEPTIBLE HOST ARE SEPARATED. The separation can be fast, near, or at a far distance.
41
Q

What are the EXAMPLES OF INDIRECT TRANSMISSION?

A
  1. vector-borne - spread involves mosquitoes,
    fleas and ticks
  2. vehicle-borne - vehicle spread involves the transportation of an infectious agent on inanimate objects ( FOMITES ) like toys, beddings, or contaminated food, water, milk, or biological materials.
  3. air-borne - produced by talking, singing, coughing, or sneezing and float on air currents for varying periods of time.
42
Q

What is the MEANING OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL?

A
  • EDUCATION IS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE APPLICATION OF ALL OTHER CONTROL MEASURES. This involves the dissemination of appropriate and feasible information, communication, and intrinsic motivation. It is necessary to prevent most diseases.
43
Q

What are the GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE?

A

1.] Fixing of responsibility
2.] Authority
3.] Reporting
4.] Early diagnosis
5.] Isolation
6.] Immunization of contacts
7.] Quarantine
8.] Maritime quarantine or Ship quarantine
9.] Disinfection and fumigation
10.] Carrier control
11.] Community immunization
12.] Official’s responsibility for communicable disease
control
13.] Control of intermediate host

44
Q

What is THE FIXING OF RESPONSIBILITY?

A
  • the GOVERNMENT IS THE ONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONTROL OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. The practicing physician does not have direct responsibility for the enforcement of measures for the control of communicable diseases.
45
Q

What is AUTHORITY?

A
  • authority is required to control communicable
    diseases. POLICE POWER IS INSTITUTED TO PROTECT THE COMMUNITY FROM A RECLCITRANT (DISOBEDIENT) PATIENT w/ a contagious disease who refuses to observe the regulations of the health department.
46
Q

What is REPORTING?

A
  • a WORKABLE SYSTEM FOR REPORTING ALL CONTAGIOUS DISEASES IN THE COMMUNITY must be devised. It is the duty of the practicing physician to report all cases of communicable diseases.
  • REPORTS SHOULD BE MADE ASAP after the tentative diagnosis has been made.
47
Q

What is RA 3573?

A
  • LAW ON THE REPORTING OF DANGEROUS COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
  • THIS LAW GIVES THE PHYSICIAN CERTAIN RESPONSIBILITIES hence familiarity with the requirements of this law becomes imperative.
  • REPORTS ARE MADE TO THE LOCAL DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH by the person who is responsible for the care of the patient
48
Q

What is EARLY DIAGNOSIS?

A
  • the PHYSICIAN WHO FIRST SEES THE PATIENT MAKES A TENTATIVE DIAGNOSIS and institutes tentative unofficial isolation measures.
  • he REPORTS THE CASE TO THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT
  • he MAY ASK FOR ANY NECESSARY LABORATORY AIDS IN DIAGNOSIS i.e. FTA-ABS test for syphilis
49
Q

What is ISOLATION?

A
  • when the diagnosis of communicable disease has been made the patient is isolated

purposes:

  1. isolation of the patient PROTECTS THE COMMUNITY from the dissemination of the specific agent to others.
  2. the PATIENT IS PROTECTED FROM FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE unfavorably.
50
Q

What is IMMUNIZATION OF CONTACT?

A
  • after the patient has been isolated next to consider
    is the possibility of PREVENTING THE DISEASE AMONG HIS CONTACT. This is immunizing the family contacts to get rid of such diseases.
51
Q

What is QUARANTINE?

A
  • family contacts and other immediate contacts undergo quarantine. The DURATION IS FROM THE DATE OF LAST EXPOSURE TO THE INCUBATION PERIOD OF DISEASE.

purpose:
1. Its purpose is to PREVENT THE SPREAD OF A FEW HIGHLY IMPORTANT COMMUNICABLE DISEASES from infected ports to disease-free nations.
2. this quarantine is organized on an international basis.
3. Diseases subject to quarantine such as cholera, hepatitis A and B, yellow fever, typhus, plague, smallpox, leprosy, anthrax, AIDs, typhoid fever, and CMV.

  • this is DONE BY THOROUGH CLEANING, AIRING, AND SUNNING OF THE SICKROOM, using only soap and water w/c are adequate protective measures.
  • in the hospital, ALL THESE MATTERS ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE NURSE who attends to the sick person.
52
Q

What is CARRIER CONTROL?

A
  • the CHRONIC CARRIER OF AN INFECTIOUS AGENT is of great importance as a SOURCE OF INFECTION IN COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.
  • the DETECTION AND CONTROL OF CARRIER IS THE FUNCTION OF THE OFFICIAL HEALTH DEPARTMENT.
53
Q

What is COMMUNITY IMMUNIZATION?

A
  • there are cases that a MASS COMMUNITY IMMUNIZATION is needed to ERADICATE FOR THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.
  • The DOH takes charge of this project
  • To date the nation has a national immunization day to give the population a chance to avail of free vaccines and toxoids against some common infectious diseases.
54
Q

What is the OFFICIAL’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL?

A
  • the LOCAL HEALTH DEPARTMENT IS RESPONSIBLE for communicable disease control measures.
  • this is usually AIDED BY THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
  • Often, the health department is aided by the national laboratory services where the production of biological products like vaccines, toxoids, and hyper-immune sera takes place.
  • Then products are used for prophylactic and therapeutic treatments.
55
Q

What is the CONTROL OF INTERMEDIATE HOST?

A
  • FUMIGATION NOW USED CHIEFLY TO CHECK DISEASES that are transmitted by those insects and rodents that are intermediate factors in the spread of disease
  • The MOST EFFECTIVE FUMIGANT IS HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS.
  • Steam is often used in the destruction of infectious agents on clothing and is an excellent germicide particularly if placed under 15 lb pressure.

Biostatistics Laboratory (2 decks)

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