M5 Epidemiology Flashcards
What is EPIDEMIOLOGY?
- is the study of the DISTRIBUTION and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems
What is STUDY?
- a scientific process of ANSWERING A QUESTION using DATA from a population
- SYSTEMATIC & UNBIASED APPROACH
What is DISTRIBUTION? (frequency)
- refers to the NUMBER OF HEALTH EVENTS;
relationship of that number to the size of the
population
What is DISTRIBUTION? (pattern)
- refers to OCCURENCE OF HEALTH-RELATED EVENTS by time, place and person.
What is DETERMINANTS?
- ANY FACTOR, whether event, characteristic, or other definable entity, that brings about a change in a health condition or other defined characteristic.
- answers the question “WHY” and “HOW”
What is HEALTH-RELATED STATES?
- anything that AFFECTS THE WELL-BEING of a POPULATION.
What is SPECIFIC POPULATIONS?
- the epidemiologist is concerned about COLLECTIVE HEALTH OF THE PEOPLE in community or population
What is APPLICATION?
- involves APPLYING THE KNOWLEDGE gained by the studies to community-based practice
What are the CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTRIBUTION??
- frequency
- pattern
What are the CHARACTERISTICS OF DETERMINANTS?
- causes
- risk
- factors
REMEMBER!!
“Epidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic, data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (patient is community, individuals viewed collectively), and the application of (since epidemiology is a
discipline within public health) this study to the control of health problems.”
Q1: Compare food histories between persons with Staphylococcus food poisoning and those without
B. Determinants; it is a COMPARISON
Q2: Compare frequency of brain cancer among anatomists with frequency in general
population
- B. Determinants; it is a COMPARISON
Q3: Mark on a map the residences of all children born with birth defects within 2 miles of a hazardous waste site
- A. Distribution; key term is MARK ON MAP.
Q4: Graph the number of cases of congenital syphilis by year for the country
- A. Distribution; key term is GRAPH.
Q5: Recommend that close contacts of a child recently reported with meningococcal
meningitis receive Rifampin
- C. Application; it RECOMMENDS.
Q6: Tabulate the frequency of clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings among
children with chickenpox in Cincinnati, Ohio
- A. Distribution; key term is FREQUENCY.
What is NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE?
- refers to the PROGESSION OF A DISEASE PROCESS in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment
What is SPECTRUM OF DISEASE?
- refers to the RANGE OF MANIFESTATIONS AND SEVERITIES OF ILLNESS associated with a given diseases, illnesses, or injury
What are the 4 STAGES?
- Stage of susceptibility
- Stage of subclinical disease
- Stage if clinical disease
- Stage of recovery, disability or death
Which stage occurs EXPOSURE?
- between stage of susceptibility and stage of subclinical disease
Which stage occurs PATHOLOGIC CHANGES?
- in the stage of subclinical disease
Which stage occurs the ONSET OF SYMPTOMS?
- between stage of subclinical disease and stage of clinical disease
Which stage occurs the USUAL TIME OF DIAGNOSIS?
- early stage of clinical disease
What are the PARTS OF SUBCLINICAL DISEASES?
- Induction
- Incubation
- Latency
What is INDUCTION?
- TIME OF THE INITIATION of disease
What is INCUBATION?
- TIME FROM EXPOSURE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE – infectious diseases
What is LATENCY?
- period between EXPOSURE AND THE ONSET OF INFECTIOUS – chronic diseases
What are the LEVELS OF DISEASE OCCURENCE?
A. Sporadic
B. Endemic
C. Hyperendemic
D. Epidemic
E. Outbreak
F. Pandemic
What is SPORADIC?
disease that occurs only OCCASIONALLY or in scattered incidents
What is ENDEMIC?
refers to the presence of a particular DISEASE or pathogen THAT EXIST PERMANENTLY and at a constant level in a population of peopl located in a specific geographic location
What is HYPERENDEMIC?
- is disease that is present at a HIGH AND CONSTANT FREQUENCY in a population and equally affects all groups within that population
What is EPIDEMIC?
is a disease outbreak that occurs as a LARGER THAT EXPECTED NUMBER OF CASES occurring over a SHORT TIME in a geographic region
What is OUTBREAK?
- used for a MORE LIMITED GEOGRAPHIC AREA.
What is PANDEMIC?
- is a disease outbreak affecting a LARGE PERCENTAGE of the world’s population over a vast (even worldwide) geographic region or regions
What are the INFECTIOUS AGENT?
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- parasites
How to BREAK THE CHAIN OF INFECTIOUS AGENT?
- diagnosis and treatment
- antimicrobial stewardship
What are the SUSCEPTIBLE HOST?
- any persons especially those RECEIVING HEALTHCARE.
How to BREAK THE CHAIN OF SUSCEPTIBLE HOST?
- immunization
- treatment of underlying disease
- health insurance
- patient education
What are the RESERVIORS?
- dirty surfaces & equipment
- people
- water
- animals/insects
- soil
How to BREAK THE CHAIN OF RESERVOIR?
- cleaning, disinfection & sterilization
- infection prevention policies
- pest control
What are the PORTAL OF EXIT?
- open wounds/skin
- splatter of body fluids
- aerosois
How to BREAK THE CHAIN OF PORTAL OF EXIT?
- hand hygiene
- PPE
- control of aerosois & splatter
- respiratory etiquette
- waste disposal
What are the MODE OF TRANSMISSION?
- contact (direct or indirect)
- ingestion
- inhalation
How to BREAK THE CHAIN OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION?
- hand hygiene
- PPE
- food safety
- isolation
- cleaning, disinfeciton & sterilization
What are the PORTAL OF ENTRY?
- broken skin/incision
- respiratory tract
- mucous membrane
- catheters and tubes
How to BREAK THE CHAIN OF PORTAL OF ENTRY?
- hand hygiene
- PPE
- personal hygiene
- first aid
- removal of catheters and tubes
What is SENSITIVITY?
- the PROPORTION of those who do have the disease who TEST POSITIVE
What is SPECIFICITY?
- the PROPORTION of those who do not have the disease who TEST NEGATIVE
What is POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE?
- it is the PROBABILITY of patients who have a POSITIVE TEST RESULT actually having the disease
What is NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE?
- is the PROBABILITY that people who get a
NEGATIVE TEST RESULT truly do not have the disease. In other words, it’s the probability that a negative test result is accurate
What is DIAGNOSTIC EFFICACY?
is the key determinant regarding APPROPRIATENESS OF A TEST at detecting and foretelling the prevalence of a disease.
What is DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS?
- COMPONENTS OF VARIATIONS and change in demographic variables and relationship
between them
What is POPULATION STUDIES?
- RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEMOGRAPHIC. VARIABLES & OTHER VARIABLES and other such as social and economic variables
What are the TOOLS OF DEMOGRAPHY?
- Count
- Rate
- Ratio
- Proportion
- Constant
- Cohort Measure
- Period Measure
What is RATIO?
- it is the relative magnitude of two quantities or a comparison of any two
values - the numerator and denominator need not be related
- written as the result 1
Formula of RATIO:
no. of cases in a particular event in a period time / no. of cases in a particular event in a period of time
What is PERCENT CHANGE?
- increase & decrease
Formula of PROPORTION:
- no of cases in a particular event / total population at risk in a period of time
- kapag percentage x 100 sa dulo
What are the MEASURES OF MORBIDITY?
Incidence rate
Prevalence rate
What are the TWO KINDS OF PREVALENCE RATE?
- point prevalence
- period prevalence
What is POINT PREVALENCE?
- can refer to a SPECIFIC POINT IN A CALENDAR TIME or to a fixed point in the course of events that varies from person to person in real time, like onset of menopause or onset of puberty
What is PERIOD PREVALENCE?
- reflects a PERIOD OF TIME & is not frequently used. it assumes a stable population for estimation
