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Biostatistics Laboratory > M5 Epidemiology > Flashcards

M5 Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is EPIDEMIOLOGY?

A
  • is the study of the DISTRIBUTION and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems
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2
Q

What is STUDY?

A
  • a scientific process of ANSWERING A QUESTION using DATA from a population
  • SYSTEMATIC & UNBIASED APPROACH
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3
Q

What is DISTRIBUTION? (frequency)

A
  • refers to the NUMBER OF HEALTH EVENTS;
    relationship of that number to the size of the
    population
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4
Q

What is DISTRIBUTION? (pattern)

A
  • refers to OCCURENCE OF HEALTH-RELATED EVENTS by time, place and person.
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5
Q

What is DETERMINANTS?

A
  • ANY FACTOR, whether event, characteristic, or other definable entity, that brings about a change in a health condition or other defined characteristic.
  • answers the question “WHY” and “HOW”
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6
Q

What is HEALTH-RELATED STATES?

A
  • anything that AFFECTS THE WELL-BEING of a POPULATION.
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7
Q

What is SPECIFIC POPULATIONS?

A
  • the epidemiologist is concerned about COLLECTIVE HEALTH OF THE PEOPLE in community or population
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8
Q

What is APPLICATION?

A
  • involves APPLYING THE KNOWLEDGE gained by the studies to community-based practice
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9
Q

What are the CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTRIBUTION??

A
  • frequency
  • pattern
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10
Q

What are the CHARACTERISTICS OF DETERMINANTS?

A
  • causes
  • risk
  • factors
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11
Q

REMEMBER!!

A

“Epidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic, data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (patient is community, individuals viewed collectively), and the application of (since epidemiology is a
discipline within public health) this study to the control of health problems.”

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12
Q

Q1: Compare food histories between persons with Staphylococcus food poisoning and those without

A

B. Determinants; it is a COMPARISON

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13
Q

Q2: Compare frequency of brain cancer among anatomists with frequency in general
population

A
  • B. Determinants; it is a COMPARISON
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14
Q

Q3: Mark on a map the residences of all children born with birth defects within 2 miles of a hazardous waste site

A
  • A. Distribution; key term is MARK ON MAP.
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15
Q

Q4: Graph the number of cases of congenital syphilis by year for the country

A
  • A. Distribution; key term is GRAPH.
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16
Q

Q5: Recommend that close contacts of a child recently reported with meningococcal
meningitis receive Rifampin

A
  • C. Application; it RECOMMENDS.
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17
Q

Q6: Tabulate the frequency of clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings among
children with chickenpox in Cincinnati, Ohio

A
  • A. Distribution; key term is FREQUENCY.
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18
Q

What is NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE?

A
  • refers to the PROGESSION OF A DISEASE PROCESS in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment
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19
Q

What is SPECTRUM OF DISEASE?

A
  • refers to the RANGE OF MANIFESTATIONS AND SEVERITIES OF ILLNESS associated with a given diseases, illnesses, or injury
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20
Q

What are the 4 STAGES?

A
  1. Stage of susceptibility
  2. Stage of subclinical disease
  3. Stage if clinical disease
  4. Stage of recovery, disability or death
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21
Q

Which stage occurs EXPOSURE?

A
  • between stage of susceptibility and stage of subclinical disease
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22
Q

Which stage occurs PATHOLOGIC CHANGES?

A
  • in the stage of subclinical disease
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23
Q

Which stage occurs the ONSET OF SYMPTOMS?

A
  • between stage of subclinical disease and stage of clinical disease
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24
Q

Which stage occurs the USUAL TIME OF DIAGNOSIS?

A
  • early stage of clinical disease
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25
Q

What are the PARTS OF SUBCLINICAL DISEASES?

A
  1. Induction
  2. Incubation
  3. Latency
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26
Q

What is INDUCTION?

A
  • TIME OF THE INITIATION of disease
27
Q

What is INCUBATION?

A
  • TIME FROM EXPOSURE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE – infectious diseases
28
Q

What is LATENCY?

A
  • period between EXPOSURE AND THE ONSET OF INFECTIOUS – chronic diseases
29
Q

What are the LEVELS OF DISEASE OCCURENCE?

A

A. Sporadic
B. Endemic
C. Hyperendemic
D. Epidemic
E. Outbreak
F. Pandemic

30
Q

What is SPORADIC?

A

disease that occurs only OCCASIONALLY or in scattered incidents

31
Q

What is ENDEMIC?

A

refers to the presence of a particular DISEASE or pathogen THAT EXIST PERMANENTLY and at a constant level in a population of peopl located in a specific geographic location

32
Q

What is HYPERENDEMIC?

A
  • is disease that is present at a HIGH AND CONSTANT FREQUENCY in a population and equally affects all groups within that population
33
Q

What is EPIDEMIC?

A

is a disease outbreak that occurs as a LARGER THAT EXPECTED NUMBER OF CASES occurring over a SHORT TIME in a geographic region

34
Q

What is OUTBREAK?

A
  • used for a MORE LIMITED GEOGRAPHIC AREA.
35
Q

What is PANDEMIC?

A
  • is a disease outbreak affecting a LARGE PERCENTAGE of the world’s population over a vast (even worldwide) geographic region or regions
36
Q

What are the INFECTIOUS AGENT?

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • parasites
37
Q

How to BREAK THE CHAIN OF INFECTIOUS AGENT?

A
  • diagnosis and treatment
  • antimicrobial stewardship
38
Q

What are the SUSCEPTIBLE HOST?

A
  • any persons especially those RECEIVING HEALTHCARE.
39
Q

How to BREAK THE CHAIN OF SUSCEPTIBLE HOST?

A
  • immunization
  • treatment of underlying disease
  • health insurance
  • patient education
40
Q

What are the RESERVIORS?

A
  • dirty surfaces & equipment
  • people
  • water
  • animals/insects
  • soil
41
Q

How to BREAK THE CHAIN OF RESERVOIR?

A
  • cleaning, disinfection & sterilization
  • infection prevention policies
  • pest control
42
Q

What are the PORTAL OF EXIT?

A
  • open wounds/skin
  • splatter of body fluids
  • aerosois
43
Q

How to BREAK THE CHAIN OF PORTAL OF EXIT?

A
  • hand hygiene
  • PPE
  • control of aerosois & splatter
  • respiratory etiquette
  • waste disposal
44
Q

What are the MODE OF TRANSMISSION?

A
  • contact (direct or indirect)
  • ingestion
  • inhalation
45
Q

How to BREAK THE CHAIN OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION?

A
  • hand hygiene
  • PPE
  • food safety
  • isolation
  • cleaning, disinfeciton & sterilization
46
Q

What are the PORTAL OF ENTRY?

A
  • broken skin/incision
  • respiratory tract
  • mucous membrane
  • catheters and tubes
47
Q

How to BREAK THE CHAIN OF PORTAL OF ENTRY?

A
  • hand hygiene
  • PPE
  • personal hygiene
  • first aid
  • removal of catheters and tubes
48
Q

What is SENSITIVITY?

A
  • the PROPORTION of those who do have the disease who TEST POSITIVE
49
Q

What is SPECIFICITY?

A
  • the PROPORTION of those who do not have the disease who TEST NEGATIVE
50
Q

What is POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE?

A
  • it is the PROBABILITY of patients who have a POSITIVE TEST RESULT actually having the disease
51
Q

What is NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE?

A
  • is the PROBABILITY that people who get a
    NEGATIVE TEST RESULT truly do not have the disease. In other words, it’s the probability that a negative test result is accurate
52
Q

What is DIAGNOSTIC EFFICACY?

A

is the key determinant regarding APPROPRIATENESS OF A TEST at detecting and foretelling the prevalence of a disease.

53
Q

What is DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS?

A
  • COMPONENTS OF VARIATIONS and change in demographic variables and relationship
    between them
54
Q

What is POPULATION STUDIES?

A
  • RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEMOGRAPHIC. VARIABLES & OTHER VARIABLES and other such as social and economic variables
55
Q

What are the TOOLS OF DEMOGRAPHY?

A
  1. Count
  2. Rate
  3. Ratio
  4. Proportion
  5. Constant
  6. Cohort Measure
  7. Period Measure
56
Q

What is RATIO?

A
  • it is the relative magnitude of two quantities or a comparison of any two
    values
  • the numerator and denominator need not be related
  • written as the result 1
57
Q

Formula of RATIO:

A

no. of cases in a particular event in a period time / no. of cases in a particular event in a period of time

58
Q

What is PERCENT CHANGE?

A
  • increase & decrease
59
Q

Formula of PROPORTION:

A
  • no of cases in a particular event / total population at risk in a period of time
  • kapag percentage x 100 sa dulo
60
Q

What are the MEASURES OF MORBIDITY?

A

Incidence rate
Prevalence rate

61
Q

What are the TWO KINDS OF PREVALENCE RATE?

A
  • point prevalence
  • period prevalence
62
Q

What is POINT PREVALENCE?

A
  • can refer to a SPECIFIC POINT IN A CALENDAR TIME or to a fixed point in the course of events that varies from person to person in real time, like onset of menopause or onset of puberty
63
Q

What is PERIOD PREVALENCE?

A
  • reflects a PERIOD OF TIME & is not frequently used. it assumes a stable population for estimation

Biostatistics Laboratory (2 decks)

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