[M6] PART 1: Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Pineal Gland Flashcards
Controls flow of information between cells and tissues
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM release ______?
hormones
Release hormones
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
____ are substances secreted by endocrine glands that convey information to its ______
hormones;
target cells
Substances secreted by endocrine glands that convey information to its target cells
HORMONES
T/F: Hormone act on all cells
F; Hormone does NOT act on all cells, only to those cells with present appropriate cell receptors
Hormone does not act on all cells, only to those cells with present appropriate ____
cell receptors
Chemical signals produced by specialized cells secreted into the bloodstream and carried to a target tissue
HORMONES
HORMONES are chemical signals produced by _____ secreted into the ____ and carried to a _____
specialized cells ;
bloodstream ;
target tissue
target cell with specific cell receptor
Target tissue
Substances that act at sites distant from their place of origin
HORMONES
Regulates cells and organs to maintain homeostasis.
HORMONES
HORMONES regulates ___ and ___ to maintain ____
cells ;
organs ;
homeostasis
Examples of hormones that Regulates cells and organs to maintain homeostasis
ADH;
Aldosterone
regulates water homeostasis
ADH
regulates Sodium homeostasis
Aldosterone
Regulated by feedback mechanisms
HORMONES
regulates concentration of hormones in the body
feedback mechanisms
HORMONES are regulated by ___
feedback mechanisms
What are the two actions of hormones
- A regulatory substance
- Controls body functions
type of hormone action that acts at a distant site from its place of origin
ENDOCRINE
type of hormone action that acts on the neighboring cells
PARACRINE
type of hormone action that acts on itself
AUTOCRINE
type of hormone action that Remain bound to cell membrane and acts to the adjacent cells with cell receptor by cell-to-cell contact
JUXTACRINE
JUXTACRINE Remain bound to _____ and acts to the ____ with cell receptor by cell-to-cell contact
cell membrane;
adjacent cells;
cell-to-cell contact
type of hormone action that acts inside (within) the cell
INTRACRINE
These are hormones that are not produced
INTRACRINE
Water soluble and does not require carrier
PEPTIDES & PROTEINS
PEPTIDES & PROTEINS are ____ and does not require ___ (_____)
water soluble;
carrier ;
transport protein
Synthesized and stored within cells
PEPTIDES &
PROTEINS
Give an example of PEPTIDES & PROTEINS
Sex Hormones
Growth Hormone
What is the precursor of steroid
Lipid (specifically cholesterol)
Involved in regulation of sexual development and characteristics
STEROID
Give an example of STEROIDS
Aldosterone
Cortisol
SEX HORMONES (Estrogen , Progesterone, Testosterone)
Other androgens
Similar with hormones that are peptide and steroid in nature
AMINO ACID
DERIVATIVES
Example of AMINO ACID
DERIVATIVES
Catecholamine & Thyroid Hormone
Example of FATTY ACID
DERIVATIVES
Eicosanoids
EXAMPLE of Eicosanoids
Prostaglandin
Prostaglandin is a ____
procoagulants
procoagulants
Prostaglandin
What is the hormone transport of Peptide hormones
FREE
Peptide hormones are under the FREE hormone transport except from these hormones, which requires transport protein
Growth hormone
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Only ____ hormones have hormonal activity
FREE
Only free hormones have ____
hormonal activity
What are the hormones under BOUND HORMONE TRANSPORT
Steroid, Thyroid Hormones
Amines
Steroid, Thyroid Hormones are bound to:
Albumin
Corticosteroid- binding Globulin
Sex Hormone-binding Globulin
Thyroxine-binding Globulin
Amines are bound to
Serum Proteins
Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
Type of hormone transport that uses transport proteins
BOUND
Type of hormone transports that exhibit hormonal activity when separated with their transport proteins
BOUND
Enumerate all the hormone producing glands
HYPOTHALAMUS
PITUITARY
PINEAL
THYROID
PARATHYROID
ADRENAL
PANCREAS
OVARIES
TESTIS
HYPOTHALAMUS is responsible for: (5)
Sleep
Thirst
Hunger
Mood
Sex drive
Responsible for:
Sleep
Thirst
Hunger
Mood
Sex drive
HYPOTHALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS Secretes ____; May be ____ hormone or _____ hormone
regulating hormone;
releasing ;
inhibitory
Secretes regulating hormone
HYPOTHALAMUS
Majority of its hormones acts on another gland
PITUITARY
PITUITARY is also called as
Master Gland
Controls other endocrine gland and makes the hormones that triggers growth;
PITUITARY
PITUITARY ____ other endocrine gland and makes the hormones that triggers ____; By production of other stimulating hormone, called as ______
Controls ;
growth;
Tropic Hormones
Pituitary gland releases ___, stimulating the ____ secreting its hormone, in response to the ____ produced by the Pituitary gland
TSH;
Thyroid gland ;
hormone ;
Pituitary gland
Secretes melatonin
PINEAL
PINEAL Secretes ____
melatonin
hormone important for sleep cycle
melatonin
Secretes hormones associated with Calorie-burning and heart rate
THYROID
THYROID Secretes hormones associated with ____ and ____
Calorie-burning ;
heart rate
Secretes parathyroid hormones that is essential for Calcium & Phosphate homeostasis
PARATHYROID
PARATHYROID Secretes _____ that is essential for ___ & ____
parathyroid hormones;
Calcium ;
Phosphate homeostasis
Secretes Sex-drive hormones & stress hormones
ADRENAL
ADRENAL Secretes ____ & ____
Sex-drive hormones;
stress hormones
Secretes insulin
PANCREAS
PANCREAS Secretes ____
insulin
for glucose homeostasis
insulin
Pancreas may be ____ & ____
Exocrine
Endocrine
Exocrine secrets ____
enzymes
Endocrine secretes _____
hormone
OVARIES secretes:
- Female sex hormones (Progesterone & Estrogen)
- Testosterone
TESTIS Secretes ____ (______)
Male sex hormones;
Testosterone
Secretes Male sex hormones (Testosterone)
TESTIS
FEEDBACK MECHANISM is aka
FEEDBACK LOOP
EXAMPLE/NAME of the FEEDBACK MECHANISM/FEEDBACK LOOP
“Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroidal Axis”
Hypothalamus secretes______ (____/ ____)
regulatory hormones (releasing/ inhibitory)
In case of Thyroid: Hypothalamus secretes ______
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
What is the action of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
direct towards Pituitary gland
direct towards Pituitary gland
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete a tropic hormone
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
tropic hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone is aka
thyrotropin
Stimulates the Thyroid gland to produce Thyroid hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) aka “thyrotropin”
Majority of the endocrine functions are regulated through the ___. In which the secretion of Pituitary is regulated/ controlled by _____
Pituitary gland ;
Hypothalamus
The amount of substance in a system regulates its own concentration
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Hormone Production
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK:
Hormone Production:
- It involves the 2 glands: _____ & ____
- Most of the time, when the ______ secretes hormone, it is stimulated/ controlled by the _____ & ____
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Peripheral glands
hypothalamus & pituitary gland
EXAMPLES of Peripheral glands
adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, gonads
Hormones released by an endocrine gland induces more stimulating hormones to be released
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
T/F: In POSITIVE FEEDBACK, The more hormone is secrete, the more action is present (increase hormone production)
T
Example hormone in positive feedback
Oxytocin
Acts on the uterus
Oxytocin
produce uterine contraction
Oxytocin
↑ oxytocin = ____ contraction until it meets ___
↑
parturition
Process of giving birth or “labor”
parturition
parturition is the process of ___ or “___”
giving birth;
labor
Type of Feedback loop:
Association between Pituitary and target gland
Short Feedback Loop
Short Feedback Loop is associated with how many hormones
2
Short Feedback Loop:
Associated 2 hormones:
- Hormone secreted by ____
- Hormone secreted by ____
pituitary ;
target gland
Type of Feedback loop:
Association between Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Target gland
Long Feedback Loop
Long Feedback Loop: Association between ___,___ and _____
Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Target gland
Long Feedback Loop is associated with how many hormones
3
Long Feedback Loop:
Associated 3 hormones:
- Hormone secreted by the ___
- Hormone secreted by ___
- Hormone secreted by _____
hypothalamus ;
pituitary ;
target gland
Type of Feedback loop:
Association between Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland
Ultrashort Feedback Loop
Ultrashort Feedback Loop: Association between ____ and _____
Hypothalamus ;
Pituitary gland
Ultrashort Feedback Loop is associated with how many hormones
2
Ultrashort Feedback Loop:
Associated 2 hormones:
- Hormone secreted by ____
- Hormone secreted by ____
pituitary;
hypothalamus
MODULATION OF HORMONE LEVELS
- HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN
SYSTEM - FREE-STANDING ENDOCRINE GLAND SYSTEM
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN
SYSTEM
Regulation: ____
CNS input
signal sent by the peripheral gland to the hypothalamus
CNS input
Releasing hormone in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM
Hypothalamus
Tropic/Stimulating hormone in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM
Pituitary
hormone in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM
Peripheral Glands
EFFECT in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM
Target cell
Target cell in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN
SYSTEM must have its appropriate _____
cell receptor
Depends on the substance regulated by the hormone
Varied Input
Example of Varied Input in FREE-STANDING ENDOCRINE GLAND SYSTEM
Insulin
Hormone in FREE-STANDING ENDOCRINE GLAND SYSTEM
Free-Standing Endocrine Gland
EFFECT in FREE-STANDING ENDOCRINE GLAND SYSTEM
Target cell
Mount a response to a give hormone
TARGET ORGAN
Express appropriate cognate hormone receptor
TARGET ORGAN
Hormone receptors that is For Insulin, Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Lectin, Catecholamine
Cell Surface Receptors
Cell Surface Receptors is a type of Hormone Receptors for ____, ____, ____, ____, ______
Insulin, Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Lectin, Catecholamine
hunger hormone secreted by adipocytes
Lectin
Lectin is a ____ hormone secreted by ____ (____)
hunger ;
adipocytes ;
fat cells
Type of Hormone Receptor that is For steroid hormones & thyroid hormones
Intracellular Receptors
Intracellular Receptors are for ____ & ___
steroid hormones & thyroid hormones
Type of Hormone Receptor for estrogen & progestins
Multiple Receptors
Multiple Receptors is for ____ & ___
estrogen & progestins
Portion of the brain located in the walls and floor of the third ventricle (above pituitary gland)
HYPOTHALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS is the portion of the brain located in the ___ and floor of the ____ (______)
walls ;
third ventricle ;
(above pituitary gland)
Connected to the posterior pituitary gland by pituitary stalk/infundibulum
HYPOTHALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS is connected to the______ by _____/____
posterior pituitary
pituitary stalk/infundibulum
T/F HYPOTHALAMUS is part of the negative feedback loop
T
T/F: Majority of hypothalamic function has an indirect effect on the pituitary gland
F; DIRECT EFFECT
Secreted releasing and inhibiting factors/hormones
HYPOTHALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS Secretes ____ and ____ factors/hormones
releasing ;
inhibiting
What are the Releasing hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus (5)
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
Prolactin Releasing Factor
What are the Inhibiting hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus (4)
Prolactin Inhibitory Factor
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Somatostatin
Literally means spit mucus
PITUITARY GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND literally means _____
spit mucus
T/F the reason why pituitary gland literally means spit mucus is because it is believed that mucus secreted by pituitary is necessary for growth
T
PITUITARY GLAND is AKA
hypophysis
pituitary gland is aka ____ because it is located underneath the____
hypophysis
hypothalamus
PITUITARY GLAND is previously referred to as _____
Master Gland
PITUITARY GLAND is presently referred to as ______
Transponders
They translate the CNS input from the hypothalamus into a hormonal product
Transponders (PITUITARY GLAND)
PITUITARY GLAND is located at the base of the ____ in the pocket of the ____
skull ;
sphenoid bone
sphenoid bone is aka ____ or ____
“sella turcica” or “turkish saddle’
“sella turcica” or “turkish saddle’
sphenoid bone
Three parts of PITUITARY GLAND
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Intermediate Lobe
Anterior Pituitary Gland is aka
adenohypophysis
Largest portion of pituitary gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland (adenohypophysis)
Secrets and produce hormones
Anterior Pituitary Gland (adenohypophysis)
Posterior Pituitary Gland is aka
Neurohypophysis
Never produce hormones, but secret hormones
Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)
Storage site of vasopressin & oxytocin
Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)
Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis) is the storage site of ____ & ____
vasopressin & oxytocin
Intermediate Lobe is aka
Pars intermedialis
Poorly-developed among human
Intermediate Lobe (Pars intermedialis)
T/F: Intermediate Lobe (Pars intermedialis) has no any function
T
Mistaken as nodules or benign cysts
Intermediate Lobe (Pars intermedialis)
What are the different anterior pituitary glands (6)
- Growth Hormone
- Prolactin
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Specialized cell that secretes GH
somatotrophs
has ⅓ of total pituitary weighT
somatotrophs
somatotrophs has ___ of total pituitary weight
⅓
Specialized cell that secretes Prolactin
lactotrophs
Specialized cell that secretes Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
gonadotrophs
Specialized cell that secretes Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
thyrotrophs
Specialized cell that secretes Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
corticotrophs
directly acts on peripheral tissues
Direct Effector Hormone
Give an example of Direct Effector Hormone
Growth Hormone
Prolactin
Give an example of Tropic Hormone/ Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
acts on another endocrine gland
Tropic Hormone/ Stimulating Hormone
aka “somatotropin”
Growth Hormone
Growth Hormone is aka ____
somatotropin
cells that synthesize growth hormone
Somatotrophs
Most abundant hormone secreted by pituitary gland
Growth Hormone
Growth Hormone is Structurally similar with ____ & _____
prolactin;
human placental lactogen
The growth hormone release is STIMULATED BY: ___
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
The growth hormone release is INHIBITED BY: ___
Somatostatin
Growth Hormone:
Secretion: in ____
pulses
GH
Average pulse interval: ____
2-3 hours in between in pulse/ secretion
GH
Most reproducible peak: ____
onset of sleep
GH directly acts to the ____; stimulating it to produce _____ which is Essential for _____
liver;
growth factors ;
linear growth
Production of Growth Hormone is heavily modulated by ______
GHRELIN
Enteric hormone
GHRELIN
GHRELIN is an enteric hormone which plays an important role in _____, ____, _____
Nutrient sensing
Appetite
Glucose regulation
Potent stimulator of growth hormone receptors
GHRELIN
Method used for GH
Chemiluminescence Immunoassay
Reference Value of GH
<7 ng/mL (at fasting state)
MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION
Enumerate the stimulations
Sleep (deep sleep)
Exercise
Physiologic stress
Amino acids
Hypoglycemia
Sex steroids
⍺-agonist
β-blockers
MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION)
Major contributor
Deep sleep
MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION)
Shows markedly ↑ level
Deep sleep
MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION)
Example of amino acids
Arginine
MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION)
Example of sex steroids
Estradiol
MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION)
Examples of ⍺-agonist
norepinephrine
MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION)
Examples of β-blockers
propranolol
MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION
Enumerate the Inhibition
After Glucose loading
β-agonist
⍺-blockers
Emotional/psychogenic stress
Nutritional deficiencies
Insulin deficiency
Thyroxine deficiency
MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (INHIBITION)
Example of β-agonist
epinephrine
MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (INHIBITION)
Examples of ⍺-blockers
phentolamine
Factors in the modifiers of GH secretion that stimulates an increase in glucose
Physiologic stress
Amino acids
Hypoglycemia
Growth hormones are what type of hormone?
Amphibolic hormone
directly influences anabolic & catabolic processes
Amphibolic hormone
requires energy
Anabolic
produces energy
Catabolic
T/F: In catabolic process, it does not require energy
FALSE: it still requires energy
Allows individual to effective transition from fed state to fasting state (without experiencing shortage of substrate or biochemical processes)
Action of GH Hormone
Allows individual to effective transition from ______ to _______ (without experiencing shortage of ______ or ________)
Fed state to fasting state
substrate
biochemical processes
Insulin antagonist
Action of GH
Promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis
Action of GH
ACTION OF GH
Promotes ________
Promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose from other non-CHO sources
hepatic gluconeogenesis
Stimulates lipolysis
Action of GH
ACTION OF GH
Stimulates _____
Lipolysis
Example of lipolysis
TAG
a.k.a Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF)
Somatomedins
Somatomedins’ new name
Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF)
Growth factor secreted by the liver
Somatomedins
Somatomedins are GH secreted by the ___
Liver
Structurally similar to insulin
Somatomedins
Somatomedins are structurally similar to ___
Insulin
Example of Somatomedins
Somatomedin C
Aka Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1
Somatomedin C
Major GF induced by growth hormone
Somatomedin C
Biologic amplifier of GH levels
Somatomedin C
Bound to IGFBP-3
Somatomedin C
Somatomedin C are bound to ___
IGFBP-3
What is the transport protein of Somatomedin C
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3)
Enumerate the conditions where there is an INCREASE in GH
Acromegaly
Gigantism
Chronic malnutrition
Renal disease
Cirrhosis
Sepsis
Enumerate the conditions where there is an DECREASE in GH
Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (children)
Pituitary adenoma (adults)
Which condition in decreased in GH is seen in children?
Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (children)
Which condition in decreased GH is seen in adults?
Pituitary adenoma (adults)
↑GH + closed epiphyseal plate = _______
Acromegaly
Diffused overgrowth/ lateral growth
Acromegaly
↑GH + open epiphyseal plate = _____
Gigantism
longitudinal / lateral growth
Gigantism
Pathologic or autonomous GH excess
Acromegaly
T/F: In Acromegaly, Regardless of GHRH, there is autonomous production of GH
True
Progressive enlargement of hands, feet, facial bones, mandible bones of the skull
Acromegaly
In Acromegaly, there is an progressive enlargement of _____, ___, ________, ________ of the ____
hands
feet
facial bones
mandible bones of the skull
Diffused growth/lateral growth
Acromegaly
Glucose intolerance or overt diabetes
Acromegaly
Symptoms of Acromegaly
Excessive sweating
Heat intolerance
In advance cases of acromegaly, present significant gaps in between _____
Teeth
Occurs if GH level is: >50 ng/mL
Acromegaly
Acromegaly occurs if GH level is: _________
> 50 ng/mL
TESTS for Acromegaly
Screening:
Somatomedin C or IGF-1 (measurement)
(high/low) somatomedin C = acromegaly
High
autonomous production of somatomedin C
Hepatoma
TESTS for Acromegaly
Confirmatory
Oral Glucose Loading (OGTT)
OGTT
Patient Prep:
Overnight fasting
In overnight fasting
(dec/inc)
GLU: __
GH: ___
GLU: dec
GH: Inc
OGTT
Glucose Load ____
100g oral glucose load
OGTT (GLUCOSE LOAD)
(↑ GLU = ↓ GH) - ______
Normal case
OGTT (GLUCOSE LOAD)
(↑ GLU = ↑ GH) - ______
Acromegaly
OGTT
Blood collection how many times
Thrice
OGTT (BLOOD COLLECTION)
Hours interval
0, 1hr, 2hr
OGTT
In normal cases: after glucose loading, glucose level must be _______
undetectable
TESTS for GH deficiency
Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia
Combination infusions of GHRH and L-arginine
L-arginine + oral L-DOPA infusion
Previous gold standard to diagnose GH deficiency
Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia
Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Normal: (inc/dec) GH
GH Deficiency: (inc/dec) GH
Normal: ↑ GH
GH Deficiency: ↓ GH
TESTS FOR GH DEF
<3 ng/mL - ____
GH deficient
TESTS FOR GH DEF
_____ - GH defecient
<3 ng/mL
TESTS FOR GH DEF
3-5 ng/mL - ____________________
least likely to have GH deficiency
TESTS FOR GH DEF
________ - least likely to have GH deficiency
3-5 ng/mL
Stress hormone
Prolactin
Vital function in reproduction
Prolactin
PROLACTIN
Vital function in ______
reproduction
Initiation and maintenance of lactation
Prolactin
PROLACTIN
Initiation and maintenance of ______
lactation
PROLACTIN (RELEASE)
Stimulated by:
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Estrogen
PROLACTIN (RELEASE)
Inhibited by:
Dopamine
Prolactin Inhibitory Factor
Dopamine
PROLACTIN
Regulation:
Tonic Inhibition
↑ Prolactin = stimulate release of _____
Dopamine
T/F: The regulation of Prolactin via tonic inhibition Inhibits the production of Prolactin
True
Enumerate factors where there is increase in Prolactin
Medications
Tumors (prolactinoma)
Trauma & Inflammation
Exhibit hypogonadism
Condition where there if ↓ FSH & ↓ LH
Hypogonadism
necessary for ovulation
LH
↑ Prolactin = inability to _____
ovulate
Occurs among postpartum lactating women with no ovulation or menstruation
hypogonadism
HYPOGONADISM
Occurs among _______ women with no _____ or _______
postpartum lactating women
ovulation or menstruation
PROLACTIN
RV
Male: ____
1-20 ng/mL
PROLACTIN
RV
Female: ____
1-25 ng/mL
PROLACTIN
Highest Level: ______
during sleep
Highest level of Prolactin is exhibited during sleep at what time?
4pm - 8am
In some books, highest level of Prolactin is exhibited during sleep at what time?
8pm - 10am
Method used in Prolactin
Immunometric assay
Autonomous secretion of prolactin due to pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma
PROLACTINOMA
Autonomous secretion of prolactin due to ______
pituitary tumor
Most common type of functional pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma
PROLACTINOMA
Most common type of ______
functional pituitary tumor
PROLACTINOMA
Manifestation:
Elderly: _____
hypogonadism, osteoporosis
PROLACTINOMA
Manifestation:
Premenopausal: _____
amenorrhea
infertility
galactorrhea
breast discharge
PROLACTINOMA
Manifestation:
Men/Postmenopausal: _____
Pituitary mass
Reduced libido
Erectile dysfunction
PROLACTINOMA
Prolactin Level: ___
> 150 ng/mL
PROLACTINOMA
> 200 ng/mL - causes _______
Anovulation
PROLACTINOMA
_______ - causes Anovulation
> 200 ng/mL
cessation of ovulation among women
anovulation
↑ Prolactin = promotes _____
lactation
normal prolactin but women is lactating
Idiopathic galactorrhea
appears on women who had several pregnancies
Idiopathic galactorrhea
Medications (Hyperprolactinemia)
Dopamine antagonists
Phenothiazines
Butyrophenones
Metoclopramide
Reserpine
Tricyclic antidepressants
Alpha-methyldopa
Tropic Pituitary Hormone
Enumerate
Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Markers in diagnosing fertility and menstrual cycle disorder
Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)
Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)
Markers in diagnosing ___ and _____
fertility
menstrual cycle disorder
Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)
Increased (FSH): diagnostic clue for _______
premature menopause
Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)
Increased (FSH, LH): seen in ___________ ((inc/dec) estrogen)
post-menopausal women
↓ estrogen
Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)
MEN
FSH: aids in ____
spermatogenesis
Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)
MEN
LH: helps the ______ to secrete & produce _____
Leydig cells
testosterone
Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)
WOMEN
LH: necessary for _____
ovulation
Regulates thyroid hormone production
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Main stimulus for the uptake of iodide by thyroid gland
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Main stimulus for the uptake of _____ by thyroid gland
iodide
Acts to increase the number and size of follicular cells
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Acts to increase the number and size of ______
follicular cells
Thyroid hormone requires _____ for production with the help of ____ (papasukin sa ______ of thyroid gland
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Iodide
TSH
Follicular cells
Produced in response to low plasma cortisol
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Regulator of adrenal androgen synthesis
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Regulator of _____________________
adrenal androgen synthesis
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Specimen should be collected on what tube
plastic tub with EDTA
ACTH
Glass tubes are not allowed because ________________________________________ = false ↓ ACTH
ACTH adheres to the tube glass walls
ACTH
Best time to collect: _____
8 - 10 am
ACTH Exhibits _____
Diurnal rhythm
ACTH DIRUNAL RHYTHM
Highest conc.: ______
6am - 8am
ACTH DIRUNAL RHYTHM
Lowest conc.: ________
6pm - 11pm
Estrogen is under (positive/negative) feedback loop
negative feedback loop
Giving signal to hypothalamus
Negative feedback loop
ESTROGEN
Hypothalamus will increase _____
GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)
ESTROGEN
Pituitary gland will secrete ___ and ____
FSH and LH
ESTROGEN
FSH and LH will act on the ____ to produce estrogen
gonads
HYPOPITUITARISM
Complete pituitary function loss
Panhypopituitarism
HYPOPITUITARISM
Loss of only single pituitary hormone
Monotropic Hormone Deficiency
HYPOPITUITARISM
Postpartum ischemic necrosis of pituitary
Sheehan’s Syndrome
HYPOPITUITARISM
Failure to lactate
Sheehan’s Syndrome
HYPOPITUITARISM
Idiopathic hypopituitarism
Kallman’s Syndrome
HYPOPITUITARISM
Loss of pituitary functions
Kallman’s Syndrome
aka neurohypophysis
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Posterior pituitary gland a.k.a
Neurohypophysis
Storage region for vasopressin and oxytocin
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Produced by the supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
vasopressin and oxytocin
vasopressin and oxytocin are produced by the _____ and _____ nuclei of the hypothalamus
Supraoptic
Paraventicular
Never produce hormones but secretes hormones from the hypothalamus
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Synthesized by paraventricular nuclei
Oxytocin
Oxytocin is synthesized by ____
paraventricular nuclei
Critical role in lactation
Oxytocin
Oxytocin
Clinical role in
lactation
Major role in labor and parturition
Oxytocin
OXYTOCIN
Major role in ____ and _____
labor
parturition
Released in neural stimulation of receptors in the birth canal, uterus and breasts (touch receptors)
Oxytocin
OXYTOCIN
Released in neural stimulation of receptors in the ______, ______ and _______ (touch receptors)
birth canal
uterus
breasts
↑ oxytocin = (inc/dec) uterine contraction
Inc
high uterine contraction is also called as
Fergusson reflex
↑ oxytocin = ↑ uterine contraction induces
labor/parturition
Example of positive feedback mechanism
↑ oxytocin = ↑ uterine contraction
aka ADH or Vasopressin-Arginine Hormone
Vasopressin
Regulates water homeostasis (water reabsorption in the collecting duct)
vasopressin
Vasopressin regulates ________ (water reabsorption in the ________)
water homeostasis
collecting duct
Stimulates factor VII and vWF
Vasopressin
Vasopressin stimulates factor ___ and ____
VII (stable factor or proconvertin)
vWF (von Willebrand factor)
Synthesized by the magnicellular neurons of the supraoptic
Vasopressin
Vasopressin is synthesized by the ________ of the supraoptic
magnicellular neurons
Vasopressin
RV: ______
0.5 - 2 pg/uL
Structure is similar with oxytocin
Vasopressin
Vasopressin is similar in structure as ____
Oxytocin
Inhibits urine output/ urination
Vasopressin
Vasopressin inhibits _______
urine output/ urination
↑ ADH = (inc/dec) urine output
dec
↑ ADH = ↓ urine output (Ex. _______)
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release (SIADH)
↓ ADH = (inc/dec) urine output
Inc
↓ ADH = ↑ urine output (Ex: ___)
Diabetes Insipidus
2 types of Diabetes Insipidus
Nephrogenic DI
Neurogenic DI
Polyuria (resistance of kidneys to ADH)
Nepthrogenic DI
No receptors present
Nephrogenic DI
Normal ADH
Nephrogenic DI
DI
With milder symptoms
Nephrogenic DI
“True diabetes insipidus”
Neurogenic DI
case with low ADH; there is polyuria
Neurogenic DI
Neurogenic DI a.k.a (3)
Hypothalamic diabetes insipidus”
Central diabetic insipidus
Cranial diabetes insipidus
Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus
ADH deficiency
Severe polyuria
Polydipsia
Occasional polyphagia
excessive urine output
Severe polyuria
SYMPTOMS OF DI
Severe polyuria
(hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic blood)
Hyperosmotic blood
When there is severe polyuria and your blood is hyperosmotic, the body’s response are:
Thirst
ADH secretion
Definitive test for Diabetes Insipidus
Overnight Water Deprivation Test
Overnight Water Deprivation Test
Patient prep: ______
8-12 hours fasting (without water intake)
No water intake = ___________________ = (inc/dec) ADH
Hyperosmotic Blood
↑ ADH
In Normal Overnight water deprivation test ____
↑ ADH
Overnight Water Deprivation Test
DI: ______ (↓ ADH)
≤30 mOsm/kg (↓ADH)
aka “conarium” or “epiphysis cerebri”
PINEAL GLAND
PINEAL GLAND is a.k.a
conarium
epiphysis cerebri
Termed as pineal due to its pine cone shape
Pineal gland
Attached to the midbrain
Pineal gland
Pineal gland is attached to the ____
midbrain
Secretes melatonin
Pineal gland
Pineal gland secretes
Melatonin
Essential for sleep cycle
Decrease skin pigmentation
Melatonin
Secretion is controlled by nerve stimuli
Pineal gland
The secretion of melatonin in the pineal gland is controlled by ____
nerve stimuli
Release of melatonin is stimulates at ____
dark
Presence of light: production of melatonin is _____
inhibited
Melatonin exhibits _______
Circadian Rhythm
At night: human is ____ (melatonin is produced)
inaantok
Using cellphone at dark: melatonin is ______
inhibited
