[M5] Tumor Markers Flashcards
is autonomous/uncontrolled proliferation of cells or uncontrolled cell growth
Cancer
Cells continuously produce/grow
Cancer
In ___________. they stop proliferation or cell division if the brain tells so
normal cells
Unlike in _________, the brain CAN NOT control the proliferation of tumor cells = _____________ (uncontrolled)
cancer cells
AUTONOMOUS
The continuous production/cell growth may lead to the formation of solid mass (_____/_________)
tumors/neoplasms
T/F: Tumor is cancer
FALSE; This is a very common misconception
STAGE OF CANCER
Localized primary malignant tumor
STAGE 1
STAGE OF CANCER
Already invades through the epithelium and blood vessels
STAGE 2
STAGE OF CANCER
Migrates through the lymph nodes
STAGE 3
STAGE OF CANCER
Metastasized into distant tissues
STAGE 4
Two types of tumors
Benign tumor
Malignant tumor
cells that proliferates autonomously localized on one side
Benign tumor
Non-cancerous tumors
Benign tumor
Examples of Benign tumor
Lung tumor
Skin tags
Naming for Benign tumor
cell type + suffix(-oma)
can invade other cells/tissue
Malignant tumor
Cancerous tumors
Malignant tumor
Can cause destruction of ___________
MALIGNNANT TUMOR
adjacent cells
Invasion of cancer cells to other parts of the body is called _______________
MALIGNNANT TUMOR
metastasis
Malignant cancers are capable of the process called ___________
angiogenesis.
formation/generation (suffix)
Genesis
Cancer cells are capable of forming their own ___________
blood vessels.
This is where the cancer cells pass through to spread/metastasize
Blood vessels that the cancer cells formed on their own
Substances of different natures
Tumor markers
Tumor markers are either produced by:
Tumor/Cancer cell itself
Healthy cells adjacent to the tumor cells
the production of tumor markers as an effect by the tumor cells
Healthy cells adjacent to the tumor cells
T/F: Tumor markers are a useful diagnostic tool for cancer
FALSE;
T/F: High tumor marker doesn’t necessarily mean that you have a specific cancer.
TRUE
USES OF TUMOR MARKERS
Differentiate tumor tissues from normal tissues
Detects presence of tumor
Predicts prognosis
Monitors therapeutic response
Detects tumor recurrence
Tumor markers are used to detect presence of tumor; however, detection of tumor has a (specific/limited) diagnostic value
LIMITED
T/F: Majority of tumor markers are non sensitive/non-specific
TRUE
even though non-malignant tumor is present, it can (inc/dec) tumor markers
increased
Examples of non-malignant tumor that can increase tumor markers
Infection
Tumor markers can be (inc/dec) in benign conditions
Increased
Tumor marker levels reflect the _________ of the tumor.
PREDICTS PROGNOSIS
aggressiveness
↑TM = (inc/dec) aggressiveness
increased
Several tumor markers present can indicate a particular ________
PREDICTS PROGNOSIS
therapy
What are the two cell receptors
Estrogen receptor
Progesterone receptor
Used as a tumor marker for breast cancer.
Estrogen receptor
Progesterone receptor
if px is (positive/negative) in these cell receptors, the doctor can already give ________________ = better prognosis
positive
hormonal therapy
Ideal characteristics of a Tumor Marker
Tumor Specific
Absent in healthy individuals
Readily detectable.
A tumor marker has to be tumor specific BUT majority of tumor markers are __________
non-specific
Why Tumor markers should be absent in healthy individuals?
Healthy individuals - px with NO cancer.
T/F: There are very few tumor markers that can meet these 3 ideal characteristics
FALSE; None
Enumerate the classifications of Tumor Markers
Enzymes
Endocrine
Oncofetal Antigens
Carbohydrate
Serum Proteins
Receptor
The classification of Tumor Marker that is hormonal
Endocrine
The classification of Tumor Marker that is a cancer antigen
Carbohydrate
What is the 1 type of Enzyme Tumor Marker
Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)
A serine protease of the _________ gene family
Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)
kallikrein
The most widely used tumor marker
Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)
Prostate cancer marker
Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)
Present normally among (male/female) individuals at (high/low) levels
Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)
Male
Low
2 PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS of Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)
Regulates seminal fluid viscosit
It can dissolve cervical mucous cap
When the cervical mucous cap is dissolved, it allows the entry of _____ in the ___________
sperm in the fallopian tube
T/F: Specificity of PSA is under debate for prostate cancer
TRUE
Enumerate the other conditions which can cause increase in PSA
Prostate infection
Prostatitis
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Recent ejaculation
Direct rectal exam
Two forms of PSA
Free
Complexed with proteins
Which form of PSA circulates in the body on its own
Free
2 proteins that transports/binds PSA
α1-antichymotrypsin
α2-macroglobulin
Majority of PSA are in _________ form
complexed
Screening of PSA
If px doesn’t have history of prostate cancer, start @ ________
50 y/o
Methods in Screening of PSA
Measurement of PSA
Direct Rectal Examination (DRE)
METHODS OF SCREENING OF PSA
can cause false ↑ in PSA = misdiagnosis
Direct Rectal Examination (DRE)
METHODS OF SCREENING OF PSA
can cause false ↑ in PSA = misdiagnosis
Direct Rectal Examination (DRE)
Remedy for the false in. in PSA in DRE
Extract blood first before DRE
PSA Concentration of <1 ng/mL has a prevalence of Prostate Cancer of how many percent?
6-10%
PSA Concentration of 1-4ng/mL has a prevalence of Prostate Cancer of how many percent?
17-25%
PSA Concentration of 4-10ng/mL has a prevalence of Prostate Cancer of how many percent?
20-30%
PSA Concentration of >20ng/mL has a prevalence of Prostate Cancer of how many percent?
> 80%
Methods used in PSA
Immunoassays
Prostate cancer Gene-3 (PCA-3)
Enumerate the type of immunoassays used in PSA
fluorescence
enzyme
chemiluminescence
Measured because of the challenge for specificity of PSA
Prostate cancer Gene-3 (PCA-3)
Already specific for prostate cancer
Prostate cancer Gene-3 (PCA-3)
it is the gene that encodes for prostate cancer = more specific
Prostate cancer Gene-3 (PCA-3)
Enumerate the other Enzyme Tumor Markers
Prostate-specific antigen
Lactate dehydrogenase
Alkaline Phosphatase
Neuron-specific enolase
Tumor type in Prostate-specific antigen
Prostate cancer
Method used in Prostate=specific antigen
Immunoassay
Specimen used in Prostate-specific antigen
Serum
Which enzyme tumor marker has a clinical utility of:
Prostate cancer screening, therapy monitoring, and recurrence
Prostate-specific antigen
non-specific - virtually present in all cells
Lactate dehydrogenase
Elevated non-specifically in numerous cancers
LDH
Tumor type in LDH
Hematologic malignancies
LDH
Examples of Hematologic malignancies
lymphoma
leukemia
Method in LDH
EA
Specimen in LDH
Serum
Which enzyme tumor marker has a clinical utility of:
Prognostic indicator elevated nonspecifically in numerous cancers
LDH
↑ in Liver and Bone conditions
Alkalien Phosphatase
↑ in Liver and Bone conditions
Alkaline Phosphatase
used to specifically determine the cause in ↑ in ALP
GGT
More Liver specific than ALP
GGT
Tumor type in ALP
Metastatic carcinoma of bone
hepatocellular carcinoma
osteosarcoma
lymphoma
leukemia
Method used in ALP
EA
Specimen used in ALP
Serum
Which enzyme tumor marker has a clinical utility of:
Determination of liver and bone involvement; nonspecific elevation in many bone-related and liver cancers.
ALP
Used as a prognostic indicator and monitoring marker for Neuroendocrine Tumors
Neuron-specific enolase
Tumor type of Neuron-specific enolase
Neuroendocrine Tumors (NET)
Method used in Neuron-specific enolase
RIA
IHC
Specimen sued in Neuron-specific Enolase
Serum
Which enzyme tumor marker has a clinical utility of:
Prognostic indicator and monitoring disease progression for neuroendocrine tumors.
Neuron-specific enolase
______ glands secrete hormones
Endocrine
If there is problem with the endocrine gland itself, we can determine that there is also (decrease/increase) in hormone secreted by the particular EG
Increase
Give a classification of Endocrine Tumor Marker
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
A dimeric glycoprotein synthesized by the _________ and _________.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
trophoblasts
placenta
two subunits of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
α-hCG
β-hCG
Subunit that is non-specific to hCG
α-hCG
can be found in other hormones
α-hCG
what other hormones can α-hCG be found?
Luteinizing hormone (LH);
Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH); and
Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH).
more specific subuinit of hCG
β-hCG
subunit of hCG NOT present in normal serum; hence sensitive & specific
β-hCG
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is a Marker for:
Ovarian Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Which marker of hCG is the prognostic marker?
Ovarian cancer
Which marker of hCG is for monitoring and classifications
Testicular cancer
2 classification of Testicular cancer
Seminomatous
Non-seminomatous
In which classification of testicular cancer β-hCG is generally (lower/higher) among ______ of px
NON-SEMINOMATOUS
Higher
60-70%
Increased in Pregnancy
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
hCG is increased in pregnancy, particularly the hCG produced by the _________
placenta
hCG increased in pregnancy gave rise to the principle for
Pregnancy test
In pregnancy test, presence of hCG in _____ - positive
urine
Method used in Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Immunoassays
Proteins secreted/produced by the fetus and disappear after birth.
Oncofetal antigens
They reappear if there is a tumor
Oncofetal antigens
Enumerate the types of Oncofetal Antigens
α-Fetoprotein (AFP
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is a marker for __________________ and ___________________
hepatocellular carcinoma
germ cell carcinoma
α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is particularly a marker for _______
Hepatocellular carcinoma
α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is synthesized by the
fetal liver
fetal yolk sac
fetal GI tract.
Increased in AFP:
Hepatocellular and Germ Cell Carcinoma
Testicular cancer
Viral hepatitis, Chronic active hepatitis
In testicular carcinoma, which tumor marker is also increased aside from AFP?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
T/F: Since both AFP and hCG are increased during testicular cancer, both tumor markers are measured to determine its classification
True
Measured among pregnant women
α-Fetoprotein (AFP)
Screening sample used in AFP when measured among pregnant women
Maternal serum
If AFP is ↑ in maternal serum, the confirmatory sample is: ________________
Amniotic fluid
Increased AFP in maternal serum is seen in:
Twin fetus
Neural tube defects
Enumerate the conditions associated with Neural tube defects
Spina bifida
Anencephaly
Fetal distress
Which condition in Neural tube defect is a spinal cord defect
Spina bifida
Which condition in Neural tube defect is a brain defect
Anencephaly
Decreased AFP in maternal serum is seen in
Down syndrome
Edward syndrome
Down syndrome a.k.a
Trisomy 21
Edward syndrome a.k.a
Trisonomy 18
Edward syndrome a.k.a
Trisomy 18
Method used in AFP
Immunoassays
T/F: Germ cell tumor is a non-seminomatous tumor?
True
Classification of Testicular cancer that is generally ↑ hCG (β-hCG)
Nonseminomatous tumor
Classification of Testicular Cancer
There are other cells that had tumor which causes testicular cancer
Nonseminomatous tumor
Types of Germ Cell Tumor
Yolk sac tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Embryonal carcinoma
Teratoma
Yolk sac tumor is a.k.a
endodermal sinus tumor
YOLK SAC TUMOR
AFP: _____
hCG: _______
AFP: increased
hCG: No
Choriocarcinoma
AFP: _____
hCG: _______
AFP: No
hCG: increased
Embryonal carcinoma
AFP: _____
hCG: _______
AFP: increased
hCG: 土 (Trace amount)
Teratoma
AFP: _____
hCG: _______
AFP: No
hCG: No
Classification of Testicular Cancer
the cause of testicular cancer are the testicular cell itself
Seminomatous
Seminomatous
AFP: _____
hCG: _______
AFP: Not elevated in pure tumors
hCG: 土 (Trace amount)
Most widely used tumor marker for Colorectal cancer
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is the most widely used tumor marker for _____________
Colorectal cancer
Part of the immunoglobulin superfamily
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is part of what superfamily
immunoglobulin superfamily
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is envolved in 3 processes; enumerate
Apoptosis
Immunity
Cell adhesion
The process of CEA that also plays a role in metastasis
Cell adhesion
T/F: Increased CEA is sensitive
FALSE; Non-sensitive
Enumerate the increased CEA
Colorectal cancer
Lung, breast and GI tumors
Heavy smokers
Post-radiation and chemotherapy
Used to detect recurrence and monitor therapy
In the detection of recurrence and monitor therapy of colorectal cancer, px should be monitored for CEA ________ after surgery/chemotherapy.
2-3 months
(inc/dec) CEA = good prognosis
Decreased
Method in CEA
Immunoassay
Antigens that are present in tumor cell surfaces
Carbohydrates
They can be composed of any macromolecules
Antigens
The most antigenic of them is ________
protein
The least antigenic is __________
nucleic acids
Can also be secreted by the tumor cells
Carbohydrates
Enumerate the different Carbohydrate tumor markers
CA 19-9
CA 15-3
CA 27-29
CA-125
CA meaning
Carbohydrate antigen
Glycolipid blood group antigen-related marker
CA 19-9
CA 19-9 is related to what blood group system?
Lewis blood group system
CA 19-9 a.k.a
sLeX
the sialylated Lewis blood group antigen
sLeX (CA 19-9)
The presence of _____ makes sLeX a sialylated lewis blood group antigen
sialic acid
T/F: Therefore, if the patient doesn’t have Lewis antigen, the patient does not produce CA 19-9
true
the phenotype when there is no antigen produced/expressed or two silent genes are inherited
Lewis null [Le(a-b-)]
What is the unique characteristic of Lewis blood group
not present/expressed on red blood cells
sample for Lewis phenotyping:
Saliva
Marker for Pancreatic cancer
CA 19-9
CA 19-9 is a marker for _______
Pancreatic cancer
Increased CA 19-9:
Colorectal, lung and gastric carcinomas
Pancreatitis
Benign GI disease
Useful for monitoring therapy and detecting recurrence
Method used in CA 19-9
Immunoassay
Mucin glycoprotein antigen
CA 15-3
CA 27-29
Useful in monitoring therapy and disease progression in metastatic breast cancer patients.
CA 15-3
CA 15-3 is useful for monitoring therapy and diseases progression in ________________________________ px
metastatic breast cancer
Increased CA 15-3:
Pancreatic, lung, colorectal, ovarian, breast and liver cancers
Benign conditions associated in liver and breast diseases
Method used in CA 15-3
Immunoassay
Antibodies used in Immunoassay of CA 15-3
Murine Monoclonal Antibody DF3 (MAb DF3)
Murine Monoclonal Antibody 115D8 (MAb 115D8)
Which antibody in CA 15-3 is CHO independent
Murine Monoclonal Antibody DF3 (MAb DF3)
Which antibody in CA 15-3 is CHO dependent
Murine Monoclonal Antibody 115D8 (MAb 115D8)
also a Mucin glycoprotein antigen
CA 27-29
Diagnostically similar to CA 15-3
CA 27-29
Uses of CA 27-29
Detect recurrent breast cancer
Monitor therapy
Which stages does CA 27-29 of recurrent breast cancer is used for?
Stages II or III
Which stage does CA 27-29 of monitor therapy used for?
Stage IV
Method used in CA 27-29
immunoassay
What antibody is used in immunoassay of CA 27-29
B27.29 monoclonal antibody
Marker for ovarian cancer
CA-125
CA-125 is a marker for ____
ovarian cancer
Also used as marker for endometrial cancer
CA-125
CA-125 is also used as a marker for ______
endometrial cancer
Useful for monitoring therapy of patient
CA-125
Increased CA-125:
Menstruation
Cirrhosis, Hepatitis, Endometriosis, Pericarditis
Early pregnancy
Which phase of menstruation is CA-125 increased?
follicular phase
Method used in CA-125
Immunoassay
What are the three different Serum Protein Tumor Markers
Serum M-protein
Serum-free light chains
β2-Microglobulin
What is the tumor type involved in Serum M-protein and Serum-free light chains
Plasma cell dyscrasias
_____ are ____ with compact ____ with vacuoles (___), cytoplasm (_____ appearance) ____ WBC (mature ___-cells)
PLASMA CELLS are ROUND with compact NUCLEUS with vacuoles (RUSSELL BODIES), cytoplasm (ROBIN’S EGG BLUE appearance)
MONONUCLEAR WBC (mature B-cells)
Method in Serum M-protein
SPE/IFE
Method in Serum-free light chains
IA
Serum M-protein and Serum-free light chains CLINICAL UTILITY
Diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring of plasma cell malignancies
Diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring of plasma cell
malignancies clinical utility falls under what tumor markers
Serum M-protein and Serum-free light chains
It is a component of the
major histocompatibility
complex (MHC)
β2-Microglobulin
β2-Microglobulin is a component of the ____,
therefore, it is present
in all ____
major histocompatibility complex (MHC);
nucleated cells
β2-Microglobulin tumor type
Hematologic malignancies
Method used in β2-Microglobulin
IA
β2-Microglobulin CLINICAL UTILITY
Prognostic marker for
lymphoproliferative disorders
Prognostic marker for
lymphoproliferative disorders
β2-Microglobulin
What is the specimen used for Serum Protein Tumor Markers (Serum M-protein, Serum-free light chains, β2-Microglobulin)
SERUM
What are the diff Receptor Tumor Markers
Estrogen receptor (Er)
Progesterone receptor (Pr)
Her-2/neu
Epidermal growth factor receptor
TUMOR TYPE of Estrogen receptor and Progesterone receptor
Breast cancer
METHOD used in Estrogen receptor and Progesterone receptor
IHC
Hormonal therapy indicator
Estrogen receptor
Progesterone receptor
Estrogen receptor and Progesterone receptor CLINICAL UTILITY
Hormonal therapy indicator
Her-2/neu is also known as
c-erb-2 or ERB-2
It is most useful Receptor tumor marker
for breast cancer
Her-2/neu
Her-2/neu TUMOR TYPE
Breast, ovarian,
gastrointestinal tumors
Her-2/neu METHOD
IHC,
FISH,
ELISA
Prognostic and hormonal therapy
indicator
Her-2/neu
Her-2/neu CLINICAL UTILITY
Prognostic and hormonal therapy
indicator
Epidermal growth factor receptor TUMOR TYPE
Head, neck, ovarian,
cervical cancers
Epidermal growth factor receptor METHOD
IHC
Epidermal growth factor receptor CLINICAL UTILITY
Prognostic indicator
Prognostic indicator
Epidermal growth
factor receptor
Prognostic indicator
Epidermal growth factor receptor
What are the two Prognosis markers
What are the two Prognosis markers
Her-2/neu
Epidermal growth factor receptors
Both Her-2/neu and Epidermal growth factor receptors are _____
Prognosis markers
Enumerate the Other Endocrine Tumor Markers (14)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- C-peptide
- Calcitonin
- Chromogranin A
- Cortisol
- Gastrin
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Homovanillic acid (HVA)
- 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
- Metanephrines (fractionated)
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
TUMOR TYPE?
Pituitary adenoma,
ectopic ACTH-producing tumor
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
METHOD?
IA
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
SPECIMEN USED?
SERUM
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis of ectopic
ACTH-producing tumor
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is for the Diagnosis of ___
ectopic ACTH-producing tumor
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) as well as ____ is stored in the ________
Oxytocin;
posterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) TUMOR TYPE?
Posterior pituitary tumors/neurohypophysis
Posterior pituitary tumors
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) METHOD?
IA
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) SPECIMEN?
SERUM
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis of SIADH
Diagnosis of SIADH
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
SIADH
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
This tumor marker is used in the differentiation of type
1 and type 2 diabetes
C-peptide
What type of diabetes is insulinopenia
Type 1
Type of diabetes wherein the problem is in the receptor
Type 2
Where is insulin produced
β-cells of islets of
Langerhans
Where is glucagon produced
α-cells of islets of
Langerhans
Where is somatostatin produced
δ-cells of islets of
Langerhans
What is the inactive
form of insulin
Proinsulin
Insulin with C-peptide
Proinsulin
____ is cleaved in the production of insulin from ____
C-peptide;
proinsulin
C-peptide TUMOR TYPE?
Insulin-secreting
tumors (insulinoma)
C-peptide METHOD?
ELISA, IA
C-peptide SPECIMEN?
Serum
C-peptide CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis of insulinoma
C-peptide is for the diagnosis of ___
insulinoma
Diagnosis of insulinoma
C-peptide
Where is calcitonin produced
thyroid gland
Produced by Thyroid gland and is responsible for calcium and phosphate homeostasis
Calcitonin
Calcitonin TUMOR TYPE?
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and neuroendocrine tumors
Calcitonin METHOD?
IA
Calcitonin SPECIMEN?
Serum
Calcitonin CLINICAL UTILITY?
Screening, response to
therapy, and monitoring recurrence of MTC
Screening, response to
therapy, and monitoring recurrence of MTC
Calcitonin
Chromogranin A are ____
catecholamines
catecholamines are secreted by ___
adrenal medulla
what is the hormone for fight or flight response
Catecholamines
2 examples of Catecholamines
epinephrine & norepinephrine
Chromogranin A TUMOR TYPE?
Pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma,
carcinoid tumors, small cell lung cancers
tumor where there is
autonomous
production of
catecholamines by the
adrenal medulla
Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma is the tumor where there is
_____ production of
_____ by the ____
autonomous
catecholamines
adrenal medulla
Chromogranin A METHOD?
ELISA,
RIA
Chromogranin A SPECIMEN?
Serum
Chromogranin A CLINICAL UTILITY ?
Aid in diagnosis of carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytomas,
and neuroblastomas
Chromogranin A aid in diagnosis of ____ , ____,
and ____
carcinoid tumors,
pheochromocytomas,
neuroblastomas
Aid in diagnosis of carcinoid
tumors, pheochromocytomas,
and neuroblastomas
Chromogranin A
Cortisol is produced by __
adrenal cortex
Cortisol TUMOR TYPE
Adrenal tumors
Cortisol METHOD?
IA
Cortisol SPECIMEN?
Serum or
urine
Cortisol CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis of Cushing’s
syndrome, adrenal adenoma
Cortisol is for the Diagnosis of ____, ____
Cushing’s syndrome
adrenal adenoma
Gastrin TUMOR TYPE?
Neuroendocrine tumor
Gastrin METHOD?
IA
Gastrin SPECIMEN?
Serum
Gastrin CLINICAL UTILITY?
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome;
gastrinoma
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome;
gastrinoma
Gastrin
Gastrin is for _____; ____
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome;
gastrinoma
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the _____
Pituitary gland
Growth hormone (GH) TUMOR TYPE?
Pituitary adenoma, ectopic GH-secreting
tumors
Growth hormone (GH) METHOD?
IA
Growth hormone (GH) SPECIMEN?
Serum
Growth hormone (GH) CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis and post monitoring of
acromegaly
Growth hormone (GH) is for the diagnosis and post monitoring of ___
acromegaly
For the Diagnosis and post monitory of
acromegaly
Growth hormone (GH)
Homovanillic acid (HVA) TUMOR TYPE?
Neuroblastoma,
pheochromocytoma,
paraganglioma
Homovanillic acid (HVA) METHOD?
HPLC
Homovanillic acid (HVA) SPECIMEN?
24-h urine
Homovanillic acid (HVA) CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis of neuroblastoma
Homovanillic acid (HVA) is for the diagnosis of ___
neuroblastoma
Diagnosis of neuroblastoma
Homovanillic acid
(HVA)
A serotonin metabolite
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
serotonin is also known as
happy hormones
___ of serotonin is
produced by the
____
90%
intestine
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) TUMOR TYPE?
Carcinoid tumors
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) METHOD?
HPLC
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) SPECIMEN?
24-h urine
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) CLINICAL UTILITY??
Diagnosis of carcinoid tumors
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is for diagnosis of ____
carcinoid tumors
Diagnosis of carcinoid tumors
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
Metabolite of catecholamines
Metanephrines (fractionated)
Metanephrines (fractionated) TUMOR TYPE?
Pheochromocytoma,
paraganglioma,
neuroblastoma
Metanephrines (fractionated) METHOD?
HPLC
Metanephrines (fractionated) SPECIMEN?
24-h urine
or plasma
Metanephrines (fractionated) CLINICAL UTILITY?
Screening and diagnosis of
pheochromocytoma
Metanephrines (fractionated) is for the Screening and diagnosis of
____
pheochromocytoma
Screening and diagnosis of
pheochromocytoma
Metanephrines
(fractionated)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by __
parathyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone TUMOR TYPE?
Parathyroid adenoma
Parathyroid hormone METHOD
IA
Parathyroid hormone SPECIMEN?
Serum
Parathyroid hormone CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of parathyroid
adenoma
Parathyroid hormone is for Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of ____
parathyroid adenoma
Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of parathyroid
adenoma
Parathyroid hormone
Prolactin (PRL) is secreted by __
pituitary gland
Prolactin TUMOR TYPE?
Pituitary adenoma
Prolactin METHOD?
IA
Prolactin SPECIMEN?
Serum
Prolactin CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of prolactinoma
Prolactin is for Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of ___
prolactinoma
Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of prolactinoma
Prolactin (PRL)
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) TUMOR TYPE?
Pheochromocytoma,
paraganglioma,
neuroblastoma
Vanillylmandelic acid METHOD?
HPLC
Vanillylmandelic acid SPECIMEN?
24-h urine
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is for Diagnosis of ____
neuroblastoma
Diagnosis of neuroblastoma
Vanillylmandelic acid
(VMA)
Both of these Endocrine Tumor Markers are
catecholamines metabolized
Homovanillic acid (HVA)
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone
GH
Growth hormone
HVA
Homovanillic acid
5-HIAA
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
PTH
Parathyroid hormone
PRL
Prolactin
VMA
Vanillylmandelic acid
