M6: Foundations of Quantitative Research - Sampling Flashcards
What are the two aspects of Post-positivism?
1.Ontology: Critical Realist
2. Epistemology: Modified Objectivist
What is Ontology (Critical Realist)?
- There is a single reality or objective truth to be discovered through research
- Try to come as close as possible to this objective truth through research but recognize researchers may never discover it
What is Epistemology?
(Modified Objectivist)
- Researchers try to be as objective as possible but acknowledge that researchers still may have some influence over the research process
remove bias and influence over data generation
What is the source of data for Post-positivism?
Quantitative
What are the assumptions of post-positivism?
- Determinism: causes determine effects (cause and effect)
-
Reductionism: ideas can be reduced to small testable
research questions
What are the 4 Foundational Concepts of Quantitative Research?
- Sampling
- Variables
- Hypothesis Testing
- Correlation and Causation
Can there be bias in sampling?
Yes, sample from specific group of people (age, race) might not apply to everyone
What is Sampling?
Studying a sample of the population to provide a quantitative description about that population
Differentiate b/w a population and sample.
Population:
The total number of possible units (does not have to be a human) or elements that could be included in a study
Sample:
A subset of the population used to represent the population
Relationship
between Sample
and Population
What is a study population?
everyone that researcher is able to contact and use in study
ex. trained sprinters in lower mainland universities
What is a theoretical population?
every possible person that could be in the study
criteria should not change as we go down
What is Random sampling?
Participants are randomly selected from a population
Want sample to represent larger population
* Make inferences from the sample about the larger population
* everyone in study population has an equal chance to be selected
very difficult to do
What is Stratified random sampling?
Population is divided on a characteristic & then randomly sampled
* E.g., How attitudes towards physical activity change throughout university
What is Systematic sampling?
– E.g., Pick every 100th person
What is Purposive sampling?
- Selection is based on specific criteria
- Information rich cases
- Have a reason why you areselecting these cases
- Ex: Snowball sampling, quota sampling, expert sampling (know what these are for the MT)
done in qualitative research
What is Convenience sampling?
- Selection is based on easy access to participants
- Non-probability sampling
- Not externally validated
- cant always generalize information (not representative)
(WEIRD SAMPLING) westernized, educate, rich, democratic
