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DCCJP > M6 CCJ Neurology I > Flashcards

M6 CCJ Neurology I Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of embryological tissue

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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2
Q

Endoderm gives rise to

A

Digestive Tract
Kidneys
Lungs

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3
Q

Mesoderm gives rise to

A 
Circulatory system
Skeletal muscle
bone
connective tissue
genitourinary system
notochord
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4
Q

Ectoderm gives rise to

A

Epidermis, hair, nails, cornea
Neural tube
Neural Crest

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5
Q

Neural tube gives rise to

A

Brain
spinal cord
motor neurons
retina

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6
Q

Neural crest gives rise to

A

Peripheral nerves

adrenal medulla

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7
Q

Neural tube divides into what three sections?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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8
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain
Rises from Nueral tube
Divides into Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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9
Q

Telencephalon

A

Formed from Prosencephalon

Becomes the cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A 
Formed from Telencephalon
Becomes:
Cerebral cortex (gray mater)
Subcortical White mater (axons)
Basal ganglia
Basal Forebrain Nuclei (cholinergica system - acetyl choline activation)
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11
Q

Diencephalon

A 
Formed from Prosencephalon
Becomes:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
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12
Q

Epithalamus

A

Formed from diencephalon
Becomes:
Pineal gland
Roof of 3rd ventricle

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13
Q

Mesencephalon

A 
Midbrain
From Neural Tube
Forms:
Cerebral Peduncles
Periaqueductal Grey
Midbrain Tectum
Midbrain Tegmentum
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14
Q

Cerebral Peduncles

A

Formed from Mesencephalon
Forms
Crus Cerebri
Substantia Nigra

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15
Q

Crus Cerebri

A

Part of Cerebral Peduncles
Long tracts:
Corticobulbar
Corticospinal

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16
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Part of Cerebral Peduncles

Dopamine production

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17
Q

Periaqueductal Grey

A

From Mesencephalon

Pain inhibition

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18
Q

Midbrain Tectum

A

From Mesencephalon
Posterior to cerebral aqueduct
Superior and Inferior Colliculi

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19
Q

Midbrain Tegmentum

A 
From Mesencephalon
Anterior to cerebral aqueduct
Made up of:
Medial Lemniscus
Anterolateral tracts
Sup. Cerebellar Peduncles
Red Nucleus
CN III & IV - eye movements
Raphe Nuclei
Ventral Tegmental area
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20
Q

Medial Lemniscus

A

Part of Midbrain Tegmentum anterior to cerebral aqueduct

Dorsal column proprioception - ascending

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21
Q

Anterolateral Tracts

A

Part of Midbrain Tegmentum anterior to cerebral aqueduct.

Temperature, pain and crude touch - ascending

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22
Q

Superior Cerebellar Peduncles

A

Part of Midbrain Tegmentum anterior to cerebral aqueduct.

Main output of Cerebellum

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23
Q

Red Nucleus

A

Part of Midbrain Tegmentum anterior to cerebral aqueduct.

Motor coordination

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24
Q

Raphe Nuclei

A

Part of Midbrain Tegmentum anterior to cerebral aqueduct.

Serotonin Production

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25
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area

A

Part of Midbrain Tegmentum anterior to cerebral aqueduct. Dopamine production.

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26
Q

Serotonin

A

or 5-hydroxytryptamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. It has a popular image as a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness, though its actual biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes.

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27
Q

Dopamine

A

one of the brain’s neurotransmitters—a chemical that ferries information between neurons. Dopamine helps regulate movement, attention, learning, and emotional responses. It also enables us not only to see rewards but to take action to move toward them.

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28
Q

Astrocyte

A 
CNS glial cell
Maintains extracellular environment
Removes excess neurotransmitters
Directs neural growth
Induces blood-brain barrier
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29
Q

Satellite Cell

A

PNS glial cell
Maintains extracellular environment
Removes excess neurotransmitters
Directs neural growth

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30
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

CNS glial cell

Creates myelin

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31
Q

Schwann Cell

A

PNS glial cell

Creates myelin

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32
Q

Microglia

A

CNS glial cell

Immune surveillance and phagocytosis

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33
Q

Ependymal Cell

A

CNS glial cell

Creates and circulates CSF

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34
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

Both dendrites and axons arise form a single proccess.

Mostly in invertebrates

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35
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

A single axon and single dendrite arise from the cell body.

Mostly sensory and involved in vision and olfaction

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36
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Multiple axons and dendrites arise from the cell body an/or will have axon collaterals.
Most common in mammals.

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37
Q

Action potential arrives at synapse

A

Depolarizes synaptic bulb

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38
Q

Synaptic bulb depolarized from action potential

A

Calcium ions enter the cytoplasm, and after a brief delay, ACh is released through the exocytosis of synaptic vessicles.

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39
Q

ACh release into synaptic cleft

A

ACh binds to sodium channel receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, producing a graded depolarization.

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40
Q

Postsynaptic depolarization

A

Ends as ACh is broken down into acetate and choline by AChE

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41
Q

ACh broken down

A

Synaptic knob reabsorbs choline from cleft and uses it to synthesize new molecules of ACh.

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42
Q

Lobes of the Cortex

A

Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe

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43
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A 
Neocortex
2 cerebral hemispheres connected by Corpus Callosum.
Conscious awareness
Integration and processing
7 layers of gray matter
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44
Q

Frontal lobe

A 
Executive Functioning (attention, memory, language)
Social and Moral reasoning
Self awareness
Mood 
Personality
Voluntary Movement (motor  homunculus)
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45
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

Location

A

Frontal lobe: precentral gyrus just anterior to central sulcus

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46
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

Action

A

Contralateral voluntary motor (motor homunculus)

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47
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

Output

A 
Brainstem (corticobulbar tract)
Spinal cord (corticospinal tract)
48
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

Input

A

Premotor cortex
Primary somatosensory area
Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus

49
Q

Ventral lateral nucleus of Thalamus

A

relay nucleus with projections from the cerebellum.

Modulate the output of M1 by giving proper position, timing and coordination

50
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

Damage

A

Results in contralateral flaccid or spastic paralysis

51
Q

Premotor Cortex

Location

A

Frontal lobe, rostral to M1

52
Q

Premotor Cortex

Action

A

Integration of sensory and motor information for the performance of action (praxis)

53
Q

Premotor Cortex

Output

A

M1 and contralateral premotor cortex

54
Q

Premotor Cortex

Input

A

Secondary somatosensory area and ventral anterior thalamic nucleus

55
Q

Ventral anterior thalamic nucleus

A

relay necleus with projections from basal ganglia

56
Q

Premotor Cortex
Damage

25

A
  1. Apraxia - inability to carryout complicated tasks (without paralysis).
  2. Deficits in contralateral fine motor control.
  3. Deficits in using sensory feedback in motor control.
57
Q

Frontal Eye Fields (26)

Location

A

Frontal Lobe: Rostral to premotor cortex

58
Q

Frontal Eye Fields (26)

Action

A

Control of voluntary eye movements in contralateral field for visual search - Saccadic eye movements

59
Q

Frontal Eye Fields (26)

Output

A

M1 and contralateral premotor cortex

60
Q

Frontal Eye Fields (26)

Input

A

Secondary somatosensory area and ventral anterior thalamic nucleus.

61
Q

Frontal Eye Fields (26)

Damage

A

Loss of voluntary saccadic visual search although preservation of pursuit of an object.

62
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (27)

Location

A

Frontal lobe: rostral to frontal eye fields and superior to orbitofrontal cortex.

63
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (27)

Action

A

Executive function - ability to utilize multiple sensory inputs for generation of appropriate responses.

64
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (27)

Output

A

Caudate nucleus

65
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (27)

Input

A

Vast but mainly from thalamus (ventral anterior and mediodorsal nuclei)

66
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (27)

Damage

A

Perseveration, impersistence, difficulties of sensory perception, poor organization of learning and recall.

67
Q

Perseveration

A

Pathological persistent repitition

68
Q

impersistence

A

the inability to sustain certain simple voluntary acts

69
Q 
Orbitofrontal Cortex (28)
Location
A

Frontal lobe inferior to the DLPF Cortex as the most rostral portion of the frontal lobe

70
Q 
Orbitofrontal cortex (28)
Action
A

Modulation of affective and social behavior, working memory for feature information and smell discrimination.

71
Q 
Orbitofrontal Cortex (28)
Output
A

Autonomic musculature and basal forebrain cholinergic system - regulation of behavior

72
Q 
Orbitofrontal Cortex (28)
Input
A

Limbic and olfactory systems, inferotemporal lobe (memory function), and ventral visual pathways (analysis of form and color).

73
Q 
Orbitofrontal Cortex (28)
Damage
A

Behavioral disinhibition or socially inappropriate behavior. Anosmia (loss of smell detection).

74
Q

Cingulate Cortex / Supplementary Motor Area (29)

Location

A

Frontal Lobe, medial cortex, superior to corpus callosum.

75
Q

Cingulate Cortex / Supplementary Motor Area (29)

Action

A

Drive, motivation, environmental exploration

76
Q

Cingulate Cortex / Supplementary Motor Area (29)

Output

A

Connections to deep limbic structures (Basal forebrain and nucleus accumbens) for emotional formation and memory.

77
Q

Cingulate Cortex / Supplementary Motor Area (29)

Input

A

Thalamus and neocortex

78
Q

Cingulate Cortex / Supplementary Motor Area (29)

Damage

A

Apathy and akinetic mutism (loss of motivation), complex attention deficits, and Alien Hand

79
Q

Broca’s Area (30)

Location

A

Frontal lobe inferior frontal gyrus adjacent to areas of M1 that control lips, tongue, face, and larynx.

80
Q

Broca’s Area (30)

Action

A

Motor control of speech

81
Q

Broca’s Area (30)

Damage

A

Expressive aphasia - deficit in production in language (aka Broca’s or motor aphasia).

82
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex (31)

Location

A

Parietal lobe postcentral gyrus just posterior to the central sulcus.

83
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex (31)

Action

A

Sensation of touch, pain, temperature, vibration, proprioception

84
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex (31)

Output

A

Primary motor, visual, auditory areas

85
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex (31)

Input

A

Thalamus (Ventral posterior lateral nucleus)

86
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex (31)

Damage

A

Loss of sensation

87
Q

Parieto-insular Vestibular Cortex (34)

Location

A

Parietal lobe Angular Gyrus (inferior parietal lobule), Superior temporal gyrus, occipital gyrus.

88
Q

Parieto-insular Vestibular Cortex (34)

Action

A

Perception of vertical upright and body schema.

89
Q

Parieto-insular Vestibular Cortex (34)

Output

A

Contralateral vestibular nucleus, cerebellum, vestibulospinal tract.

90
Q

Parieto-insular Vestibular Cortex (34)

Input

A

Multi-sensory input including Vestibular, visual, and parietal areas via cortical-cortical connections or via the thalamus.

91
Q

Parieto-insular Vestibular Cortex (34)

Damage

A

Loss of vertical upright - pusher syndrome, pisa syndrome

92
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex (36)

Location

A

Temporal Lobe: Herschl’s gyri and superior temporal gyrus.

93
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex (36)

Action

A

Hearing

94
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex (36)

Damage

A

Loss of perception and localization of hearing

95
Q

Wernicke’s Area (37)

Location

A

Temporal Lobe: Superior temporal gyrus

96
Q

Wernicke’s Area (37)

Action

A

Perception of speech

97
Q

Wernicke’s Area (37)

Input

A

Primary auditory cortex and primary visual cortex

98
Q

Wernicke’s Area (37)

Damage

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia - loss of ability to comprehend verbal or written language (aka sensory or receptive aphasia).

99
Q

Primary olfactory Cortex and LImbic Associaton Cortex (38)

Location

A

Temporal Lobe: perihippocampal gyrus, Temporal Pole

100
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex and Limbic Association Cortex (38)

Action

A

Smell, emotions

101
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex and Limbic Association Cortex (38)

Damage

A

Emotional lability, loss of perception of smell

102
Q

Primary and secondary visual cortex (39)

Location

A

Occipital lobe: banks of calcarine fissure, medial and lateral occipital gyri.

103
Q

Primary and secondary visual cortex (39)

Action

A

Vision, depth, visual association

104
Q

Primary and secondary visual cortex (39)

Input

A

Temporal and parietal visual radiations via the optic chiasm

105
Q

Primary and secondary visual cortex (39)

Output

A

Dorsal pathways: Parietal lobe for “where?”

Ventral pathways: Temporal lobe for “what?”

106
Q

Primary and secondary visual cortex (39)

Damage

A

visual hallucinations, cortical blindness, blind-sight

107
Q

Thalamus functions

A
  1. Relay center for nearly all inputs from the brain and periphery to the cortex.
    a. Limbic system, reticular formation, cerebellum, basal ganglia, somatosensory, auditory, visual, vestibular.
    b. Only area not to relay through the thalamus is olfaction.
  2. Reciprocal input to and from the cortex
108
Q

Thalamus structures

A 
Anterior Nuclear group
Medial Nuclear group
Lateral Nuclear group
Ventral Nuclear group
Intralaminar group
109
Q

Basal Ganglia Structures (7 of them)

A
  1. Caudate Nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus Pallidus
  4. Subthalamic nucleus
  5. Substantia Nigra
  6. Nucleus Accumbens
  7. Ventral pallidum
110
Q

Caudate Nucleus

A

Part of Basal Ganglia

Learning; storing and processing memories

111
Q

Putamen

A

Part of Basal Ganglia

Regulates movement and influences learning

112
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

Part of Basal Ganglia

Regulation of voluntary movement

113
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

Part of Basal Ganglia

inhibition and movement control

114
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Part of Basal Ganglia

Dopamine and GABA production

115
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

Part of Basal Ganglia
Reward circuit

Definition: Part of the ventral striatum with connections to the limbic system

Structure: Two parts: shell and core

Function: Connects the limbic system to the motor system. Mediation of motivation, reward and pleasure, addiction, impulsivity, risk taking, survival and reproductive behaviours.

https://youtu.be/3_zgB19TE-M

116
Q

Ventral Pallidum

A

Part of Basal Ganglia

reward and motivation

117
Q

Basal Ganglia functions

A
  1. General motor control
  2. eye movements
  3. Cognitive functions
  4. Emotional functions

DCCJP (7 decks)

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