M5 Note 2

Question 1

The spinal chord extends until what level

Answer 1

L2

Question 2

What is the length of the spinal chord

Answer 2

40-45cm

Question 3

Spinal chord is made of which membranes

Answer 3

Pia - Arachnoid - Dura

Question 4

The outermost layer (of the spinal chord) goes until what level?

Answer 4

S2 - dura mater

Question 5

what lies in the epidural space?

Answer 5

Loose areolar tissue + Venous plexus

Question 6

Where is the subdural space

Answer 6

Between dura and arachnoid mater - it contains fluid for lubrication

Question 7

What innervates the dura mater

Answer 7

Upper Cervical nerve roots

which makes it a possible source of pain and neurological dysfunction if chronic tension is applied to it..

Question 8

Rectus Capitus posterior Major attaches where

Answer 8

Between C1-C2 onto the Dura - 86%

Question 9

Rectus Captius Posterior Minor attaches wehre

Answer 9

between C0-C1 onto dura - !00%

Question 10

Obliquus Capitis inferior - attaches

Answer 10

Atlanto - Axial space aka C1-2 onto dura - 86%

Question 11

traction of the rectus capitis post mayor does what

Answer 11

dural movement

Question 12

Dural tension can cause what?

Answer 12

HA

Question 13

Ligament cranial dura matris spinalis (CDMS) - ano 1929

aka Vertebrodural ligament

Answer 13

fibrous strands between dura and posterior Atlanto-occipital + foramen magnum + post arch C1 + SP C2

a dense connective tissue strand extending from the posterior arch C1, atlantoaxial space and lamina of C2 to the dura mater

Question 14

function Vertebrodural ligament

Answer 14

pump that helps to circulate CSF into spinal canal with Head movements

Question 15

During the Cervical extension does the spinal chord elongate or shortens?

Answer 15

it shortens during extension

Question 16

what does dentate tension do to the chord

Answer 16

pulls it laterally - makes it shrink ant + post

Question 17

an average displacement of 3degr on C1, produces about 3mm of lateral displacement - does this deform the spinal chord?

Answer 17

Yes, by 25%

Question 18

Chiari Malformation is also known an

Answer 18

Cerebellar tonsillar ectopia

Question 19

What is associated with cerebellar tonsillar ectopia at the CCJ lvl

Answer 19

reduced CSF flow

Question 20

Heart rate variability

Answer 20

reduced sympathetic and increased parasympathetic control

Question 21

parasympathetic - hormones?

Answer 21

Acetcylcholine

Question 22

Sympathetic - hormones

Answer 22

Noradrenaline

Neuropeptide - Y

Question 23

thermography assess the the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 23

wrong - it’s the sympathetic nervous system

Question 24

Which nervous system controls the postural muscles (general)

Answer 24

extrapyramidal nervous system (non voluntary muscle tone)

Question 25

The Extrapyramidal nervous system originates from which nuclei

Answer 25

Vestibular nuclei (efferent)

Question 26

vestibular fibers travel down via which tract?

Answer 26

descending medial longitudinal fasiculus (DMLF)

gets divided into lateral & medial vestibulospinal tracts

Question 27

The lateral vestibulospinal tract has which function?

Answer 27

postural motor tone control of the axial and girdle muscles

Question 28

Medial vestibulospinal tract has which function

Answer 28

postural control of the neck muscles – esp reflex control (head positioning + eye movement)

Question 29

Medullary Recticospinal tract has which function

Answer 29

inhibits the antigravity muscles – excites the flexor muscles

Question 30

Where does the inhibitory signals come from?

Answer 30

basal ganglia (not cortex or cerebellum)