M5: Genetically Modified Organisms Flashcards
Who first isolated DNA in 1869.
Friedrich Miescher
Who discovered DNA’s structure in 1953.
Francis Crick and James Watson
Who combined genes from two different viruses for the first time in history in 1972.
Paul Berg
Made the first GM bacteria in 1973.
Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen
Made the first GM animal, a mouse, in 1974.
Rudolf Jaenisch
Founded Genentech, the first genetic
engineering company, in 1976.
Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson
Made the first GM plant, an antibiotic-resistant strain of tobacco, in
1983.
Michael W. Bevan
Richard B. Flavell
Mary-Dell Chilton
First GMO animal; a Zebra fish modified to glow in the dark.
GloFish
A process involving the alteration of the genetic
make-up of one’s organism.
Recombinant DNA technology
The term used to refer to an organism created through recombinant DNA technology; any organism, in which its genetic material (DNA) has been manipulated to produce phenotypic traits, such traits would not occur naturally (by mating or natural recombination).
Genetically modified organism (GMO)
3 main methods of genetic engineering.
Plasmid Method
Vector Method
Biolistic Method
Utilizes small circular pieces of DNA of bacteria with the aid of restriction enzymes; most commonly used method of
modifying the genetic material of any organism.
Plasmid Method
Uses a virus that serves as a vector (carrier) of the desired trait; involves the introduction of the desired trait into the virus, the virus is then inserted into the host cell and will soon replicate
expressing all the desired features.
Vector Method
Also known as the gene gun method; is done by firing a gene gun containing the desired genes into the host; similar to that of vaccination; mainly for the engineering of the plants.
Biolistic Method
GMOs in food and agricultural industries.
Pest resistance
Virus resistance
Herbicide tolerance
Fortification
Cosmetic prevention
These plants are genetically modified to resist certain pests.
Pest resistance
These plants are genetically modified to resist certain viruses.
Virus resistance
Example of pest resistant plant.
BT Corn
Example of virus resistant plant.
GM Papaya or Rainbow Papaya
These plants are genetically modified to tolerate herbicide.
Herbicide tolerance
Example of herbicide tolerant plant.
Roundup Ready Soybeans
These plants are genetically modified fortified with certain meals.
Fortification
Example of fortified plant.
Golden rice
These plants are genetically modified to resist natural discoloration.
Cosmetic preservation
Example of cosmetic preserved plant.
Artic apple
GMO’s in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms.
Paper production
Pharmaceutical productions
GMO’s in the medical field
Tress are modified for a higher yield of this production.
Paper production
Plants are modified to produce this products.
Pharmaceutical productions
Significant benefits of genetic engineering is evident in the medical field.
GMO’s in the medical field
Example of paper production plant.
Poplar tree
Example of pharmaceutical plant.
Periwinkle plants
Insulin production by genetically modified bacteria.
Humalog or Humalin
The release of genetically modified plants into the environment could have disastrous consequences for biodiversity.
Risks to biodiversity
There is a potential risk of the modified gene to be transferred from the GMO crop to its wild relative or organism in the soil and humans.
Risk in gene flow
Genetic material can enter the human body through food, bacteria, viruses, vaccines
and, pharmaceuticals.
Risk to Humanity
Mapping of human genes to provide a framework for research and studies in the field of medicine.
Human Genome Project
What is the first GM animal made in 1974?
A mouse
What is the first genetic engineering company (1976)?
Genentech
What is the first GM plant?
Antibiotic-resistant strain of tobacco
Small circular pieces of DNA of bacteria.
Plasmid
