M5 Flashcards
Is one of the most important factors for the
health of an individual or a community, and
is, consequently, a fundamental issue in
modern public health
Nutrition
Application of nutrition and physical activity to the promotion of good health, the primary prevention of diet-related illness of groups, communities, and populations (not individuals)
– UK Nutrition Society
Public health nutrition
Reasons behind Malnutrition
▪ Poverty
▪ Inadequate Access To Health Education
▪ Poor Feeding Practices
▪ Diarrheal And Respiratory Illnesses
▪ Food Deficiencies
Interventions or programs that address immediate determinants (inadequate dietary intake)
NUTRITION-SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS
Examples of nutrition specific intervientions
feeding programs,
breastfeeding, micronutrient
supplementation
Interventions or programs that address underlying determinants (poverty, food insecurity)
NUTRITION-SENSITIVE INTERVENTIONS
EXAMPLES OF NUTRITION-SENSITIVE
INTERVENTIONS
Food security, adequate care-giving resources, access to health services and safe and hygienic environment
To provide energy needed to
keep the body breathing and alive, for
movement and warmth, and for growth and
repair of tissues.
Carbohydrates
To provide a concentrated source of
energy and the fatty acids needed for growth
and health.
○ Vitamin A Absorption
Fats
To build cells, body fluids, antibodies
and other parts of the immune system.
○ Energy
Proteins
Hemoglobin production
To allow the muscles and brain to work properly.
Iron
Thyroid hormones production
Fetal brain and nervous system development
Iodine
Growth and Development
Immune system
Zinc
Prevent infection
Healthy skin, eyes, and lining of the gut
Vitamin A
Macronutrient utilization
Nervous system
B group vitamins
Healthy RBCs
Prevention of fetal abnormalities
Folate
Iron absorption (some forms)
Elimination of free radicals
Wound healing
Vitamin C
Disorders of Undernutrition
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Iron-deficiency anemia
Vitamin deficiency (A, B, C, D, & K)
•Protein malnutrition, “deposed child”
•Sufficient calorie intake, but lack protein
consumption
Kwashiorkor
Signs and symptoms of Kwashiorkor
• Pitting edema
• Distended abdomen
• Hepatomegaly
• Thinning of hair
• Loss of teeth
• Skin pigmentation and dermatitis
• Severe form of malnutrition characterized by energy-deficiency
• Prevalent among children (during
famine, concentration camps and refugee camps)
• Characterized by lack of subcutaneous fat and decrease muscle volume
Marasmus
Marasmos is a greek word meaning?
Withering
a condition characterized by a depletion of
iron levels in the body thus leading to low
levels of erythrocytes and hemoglobin
content.
○ blood loss
○ decreased iron absorption (celiac
disease)
○ increased iron demand (pregnancy)
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Night Blindness (nyctalopia)
Vit A
Anemia, Pellagra
Vit B
Scurvy
Vit C
Rickets, Osteomalacia
Vit D
Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn
Vit K
Disorders of overnutrition
Obesity
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes mellitus
excess intake of energy-dense foods
● sedentary work and lifestyle
● lack of access to a healthy diet
● linked with:
○ CVDs
○ Depression
○ T2DM
○ Obstructive sleep apnea
Obesity
Obesity is linked with:
○ CVDs
○ Depression
○ T2DM
○ Obstructive sleep apnea
a strong relationship exists among diet, lifestyle, and the risk of cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases:
● weight loss
● salt restriction
● smoking cessation
● increased physical activity
● a chronic metabolic disorder found throughout the world
● It develops in individuals who lack sufficient
insulin production or whose insulin is impaired in
function.
Diabetes Mellitus
insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) or juvenile diabetes
Insulin injections
Type 1 DM
mature onset, nutritional, or non-insulin
dependent, diabetes (NIDDM)
Diabetes 2 DM
• Occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin
• Tends to develop at a young age
• Cannot be prevented
• Require insulin therapy
Type 1 Diabetes
• Occurs due to insulin resistance (i.e. when the body does not respond well to insulin)
• Tends to develop at an older age
• Can be prevented with lifestyle changes
• Can be managed with lifestyle modifications alone if diagnosed early
Type 2 Diabetes
The assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared and/or eaten according to its intended use
Food safety
a collection of standards, guidelines and codes of practice
adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission
Food code
Includes provisions for food labelling, additives, contaminants,
specific standards for food products, among others
Food codex
Current Challenges on Food Safety
• Globalization of the food supply chain
• Urbanization
• International Travel
• Climate Change
• Identifying and eliminating foodborne pathogens
• Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) guidelines
• Proper training and certification of food handlers
Food Safety Management Practices
ensures standards are followed at the initial stages of food production and harvesting stage.
Department of Agriculture
assures the preservation of good hygiene and the safety of food within their respective territorial jurisdictions (e.g. activities in slaughterhouses, dressing plants, fish ports, wet markets, supermarkets, school canteens, restaurants, catering establishments and water refilling stations)
Additionally in charge of ambulant vending and the sale of street food
Department of Interior and Local
Government (DILG)
