M4 - MICRONUTRIENTS (VITAMINS) Flashcards
VITAMINS came from the old term _____ which means ____ and ____
vitamine;
vital;
amine
Came from the old term “vitamine” which means
vital and amine
VITAMINS
Organic molecules required in small amount
VITAMINS
VITAMINS is an organic molecules required in _______
small amount
Vitamins is required in small amount, specifically what measurement?
µg to mg
Function of vitamins
Biosynthetic precursors
VITAMIN functions as Biosynthetic precursors which is a cofactor for several _______
enzymatic reactions
T/F: In the absence/deficiency of a specific enzyme,
enzymatic reactions occur or proceed at
a faster rate
F; DO NOT occur or proceed at
a SLOW rate
Sources of vitamins
Diet;
Intestinal Flora
T/F: DIET is the source of ALL vitamins
F; majority of vitamins; except for Vit. D
Why is vitamin D cannot be acquired from diet?
because Vit D is acquired from sunlight
What vitamin/s can be acquired from intestinal flora (enteric bacteria)
Vit K and Nicotinamide
What are the 2 Classification of vitamins
→ Fat-Soluble
→ Water-Soluble
What is the solubility of FAT-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
Fats
What is the solubility of WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
Water
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS are stored in ____
liver
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS are stored in liver because this is where ___ are ___
fats;
stored
T/F: WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS are stored in the body
F; Not stored in the
body
Why WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS are not stored in the body?
because they are readily excreted in the urine due to its
↑solubility to water
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS: ____ (excreted/not excreted)
NOT excreted
Why is FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS not excreted
Because they need to dissolved/metabolize the fats where the vitamins are dissolved before it can be excreted
Increase in concentration/ toxicity in FAT-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
Hypervitaminosis
T/F: Increase in concentration/ toxicity in WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS is unlikely
T
MAJOR VITAMINS UNDER FAT-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
A, D, E, K
MAJOR VITAMINS UNDER WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
B and C
MAJOR VITAMINS UNDER WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
B and C
VITAMIN A is any group of compounds with ____ with ____
20-carbon;
ß-ionone ring
How many carbon does vitamin A contain
20
Any group of compounds with 20-carbon with ß-ionone ring
VITAMIN A
contains: Isoprenoid side chain with functional
group
20-carbon with ß-ionone ring
The 20-carbon with ß-ionone ring of Vitamin A
→ contains: ______ with ______ (terminal ___)
Isoprenoid side chain;
functional group;
C-15
subs. that shows the same vit. activity
Vitamers
Vitamers of Vitamin A
Retinoids
collective term for the compounds with
Vit. A activity
Retinoids
T/F: Retinoids only differs on the functional group
present on the isoprenoid side chain
T
Types of retinoids
Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic Acid
Retinyl ester
Retinoids with an alcohol group (R=CH2OH)
Retinol
Retinoids with an aldehyde group
Retinal
Retinoids with carboxylic acid group
Retinoic Acid
Retinoids with ester group
Retinyl ester
Sources of vitamin A
Pigmented fruits and vegetable;
Animal products
majority of vitamin A are from this source
Pigmented fruits and vegetable
“Pro-vitamin A” or precursor for Vit. A that can be acquired from Pigmented fruits and vegetable
Carotenoids
What specific Carotenoid can be acquired from Pigmented fruits and vegetable
B-carotene
cleaved to form retinol in the intestinal
mucosa
Carotenoids
Carotenoids is aka ___
“Pro-vitamin A
precursor for Vit. A
Carotenoids
Carotenoids cleaved to form ___ in the ____
retinol;
intestinal mucosa
Ingestion of carotenoids provides____ of
the Vit. A requirement of the body
> 50%
most abundant carotenoids
B-carotene
Form of Vit A that can be acquired from Animal products
retinyl esters
Functions of Vitamin A
● Visual cycle
● Cellular growth and differentiation
● Reproductive system
VITAMIN A:
In visual cycle, ___ are reduced to ___ by the action of
____ which happens in the ___ of the eyes
Retinol
retinal
NAD reductase
rods
VITAMIN A:
The retinal will form ___ with _____ forming ____
complex;
opsin;
rhodopsin
essential component which allows
dimlight vision
rhodopsin
Vit. A deficiency will result to ____ which is night blindness
Nyctalopia
night blindness
Nyctalopia
What are the 4 phases involved in the Absorption, Storage and Distribution of Vitamin A
- Intestinal Lumen
- Intestinal mucosal cell
- Liver
- Extrahepatic cell
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- In diet, we acquire ingested _____
(_____) or ______.
pro-vitamin;
carotenoids;
retinyl ester
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- Ingested _____ (from fruits and vegetables)
will be reabsorbed by ______
ß-carotene;
intestinal mucosal cells.
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- In the intestinal mucosal cell, B-carotene will
be _____ to form ____ and further
cleaved to form _____
cleaved;
retinal;
retinol
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- Ingested _____, will be cleaved to form
_____, which will be absorbed by the
______
retinyl ester;
retinol;
intestinal mucosal cell.
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- The absorbed retinol has two fates, either:
- It can be ____ to form ____
- It can be ____to ______
reduced; retinal
converted; retinyl ester
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- The ____ formed in the ____ will also be
converted to _____
retinol;
ß-carotene;
retinyl ester
storage form of Vit. A
Retinyl ester
Retinyl ester is the storage form of Vit. A,
particularly the form ______
palmitate
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- The retinyl ester formed will be transported to
the ____ for storage (____%). The remaining _____%
are converted back to _____
liver; 90%
10%; retinol
T/F: The remaining 10% of the retinyl ester formed will be converted back to retinol, if only the body requires Vitamin A
T
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- The retinol from the liver will go to the
______ wherein it has two phase: - It will be ____ again to______
- It will be converted to _____ to ______
extrahepatic cells;
converted; retinyl ester
retinal; retinoic acid
Increased Level in Vitamin A
● Liver Damage
● Excessive intake
Decreased Level in Vitamin A
Nyctalopia
Xerophthalmia
Keratomalacia
Growth retardation
Dermatitis
Fat malabsorption
AKA night
blindness.
Nyctalopia
prolonged/chronic Nyctalopia may lead to ______
total blindness
condition wherein the conjunctiva becomes dry
with small gray plaques with foamy surfaces called ________
Xerophthalmia;
Bitot spots
results
to ulceration and
necrosis of the cornea
Keratomalacia
Keratomalacia results to ____ of cornea
opacity
VITAMIN A:
_____ (inc/dec) intake of carotenoids/carotenes is ____ (toxic/not toxic)
Increased
not toxic
VITAMIN A:
↑intake of carotenoids/carotenes is not toxic
unlike ↑intake of vit. A itself because carotenes
has:
→ _____
→ _____
→ Poor absorption
→ Limited conversion
VITAMIN A:
Chronic excessive intake of ____ will
produce _____
carotenoids;
carotenemia
yellowish discoloration of the skin
carotenemia
Method used in the Laboratory Analysis of Vitamin A
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC)
Using this method we can measure two forms
of vit. A
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC)
What are the two forms of Vitamin A that can be measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC)
Retinol
Retinyl esters
most commonly measured form of vitamin A
Retinol
Form of Vitamin A that assesses toxicity
Retinyl esters
4th vitamin to be discovered
VITAMIN D
Order of the discovery of vitamins
→ 1st = Vitamin A
→ 2nd = Vitamin B
→ 3rd = Vitamin C
→ 4th = Vitamin D
AKA “Sunshine Vitamin”
VITAMIN D
2 sterol derivative of Vitamin D
7-dehydrocholesterol;
Ergosterol
intermediate of cholesterol biosynthesis
7-dehydrocholesterol
7-dehydrocholesterol is synthesized by the ___
body
2 sterol derivative (7-dehydrocholesterol):
When ___ are synthesized,
7-dehydrocholesterol is also formed. In the
____ , in the presence of _____ from the _____,
they are converted to ______
cholesterol;
skin;
UV rays;
sun;
cholecalciferol
cholecalciferol is aka Vit. ___ ?
Vit. D3
plant sterol of Vitamin D
Ergosterol
2 forms of Vitamin D
- Cholecalciferol or Vitamin D3
- Ergocalciferol or Vitamin D2
natural form of Vit. D
Cholecalciferol or Vitamin D3
artificial form of Vit. D
Ergocalciferol or Vitamin D2
Cholecalciferol or Vitamin D3
(natural) is produced by the ___
body
Ergocalciferol or Vitamin D2
(artificial) is Formed by _______ (_____)
irradiating ergosterol (plant cells)
used in pharmaceutical products
ergosterol
T/F: Overexposure to sunlight will CAUSE
hypervitaminosis D (inc. vit. D)
F; will NOT cause
T/F: Overexposure to sunlight will CAUSE
hypervitaminosis D (inc. vit. D)
F; will NOT cause
Overexposure to sunlight will not cause
hypervitaminosis D (inc. vit. D), why?
bec. it still
depends on the amount of 7-dehydrocholesterol
present in the body
biosynthesis of cholecalciferol is a process
called ____
photochemical cleaving
product in photochemical cleaving
cholecalciferol
VITAMIN D ACTIVATION:
- The _____ formed (____form) from the
____is transported to the _____by two ____
which are _____ and ______
cholecalciferol;
inactive;
skin;
liver;
proteins;
cholecalciferol binding globulin (CBG);
Vitamin D binding globulin
What are the two proteins that transports cholecalciferol from the skin to the liver
cholecalciferol binding globulin (CBG) and
Vitamin D binding globulin
VITAMIN D ACTIVATION:
- In the liver, cholecalciferol are ______ to form
______ or _____
hydroxylated;
25-hydroxycholecalciferol;
calcidiol
major transport form of Vit. D
25-hydroxycholecalciferol or calcidiol
VITAMIN D ACTIVATION:
- In the kidney, the _____ are
further hydroxylated by ______ to form
_____ (____)
25-hydroxycholecalciferol;
α-1-hydroxylase;
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
enzyme produce by
PCT of the kidneys
α-1-hydroxylase
classified now as a hormone. AKA activated Vit. D3
Calcitriol
Calcitriol is AKA
activated Vit. D3
VITAMIN D: Function (Calcitriol)
Calcium and phosphate homeostasis
Vitamin D functions in Calcium and phosphate homeostasis of what tissue/organ
Bone
Intestine
Kidneys
Vitamin D function (calcitriol):
Bone: ___
: increased bone resorption
Vitamin D function (calcitriol):
Intestine: __
: increase absorption
Vitamin D function (calcitriol):
Kidneys: __
decrease excretion
VITAMIN D:
INCREASED LEVEL:
____
____
____
Hypercalcemia
Renal Damage
Heart Damage
VITAMIN D:
DECREASED LEVEL: __
● Hypoparathyroidism
● Liver Disease
● Anticonvulsant drugs
● Rickets
● Osteomalacia
Due to ↑ Ca
Renal Damage
INCREASED LEVEL:
Patients with renal damage are prone to have _____/_____
kidney stones/renal calculi
Due to
presence of
calcified
stones in the
arteries (can
lead to death)
Heart Damage
condition wherein the bones are very soft,
pliable, and deformed
Rickets
Rickets occur in ____
children
adult rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia occurs in ___
adult
Methods used in the laboratory analysis of VITAMIN D
→ Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass
spectrophotometry (LC-MS/MS)
→ Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
most commonly measured form of VITAMIN D
Calcitriol
VITAMIN D: (LAB ANALYSIS)
Reference value of Calcitriol
22-42 ng/mL
VITAMIN E is AKA
tocopherols
● aka tocopherols
VITAMIN E
tocopherols came from words ___ & ____
tokos
pheris
tokos means
childbirth
pheris means
to bear
in the past, _____ is believed to be
required for ____ on some animals but not on
_____
Vit. E
fertility
human
T/F: in the past, Vit. E is believed to be
required for fertility on some animals but not on
human
T
Old Term of Vitamin E
: anti-sterility vitamin
Most potent biological antioxidant
VITAMIN E
primary defense against potentially harmful
oxidations that can cause disease and aging
VITAMIN E
What are the vitamers (isomers) of Vitamin E
- α-tocopherol
- ß-tocopherol
- γ-tocopherol
- δ-tocopherol
most potent and abundant form of Vitamers (isomers) of Vitamin E
α-tocopherol
Major sources of Vitamin E
Vegetable oil, nuts
Required in Absorption of Vitamin E
bile salts and dietary lipids
Vitamin E functions as: (4)
Antioxidant
Protect RBCs from hemolysis
Antiatherogenic
Neuromuscular function
Scavenges free radicals
Antioxidant function of VITAMIN E
Breaking lipid peroxidation chain
Antioxidant function of VITAMIN E
cleavage of FA at
unsaturated sites (w/ double bonds) by
adding oxygen across the double bond
and formation of free radicals
Peroxidation
cleavage of _____ at
_____ sites (w/ _____) by
adding ____ across the double bond
and formation of ______
FA;
unsaturated
double bonds
oxygen
free radicals
T/F Vit E can strengthen cell membrane
T ( FUNCTION: Protect RBCs from hemolysis)
Prevent peroxidation
VITAMIN E (Protect RBCs from hemolysis)
Reduces LDL oxidation
Antiatherogenic function of Vit. E
Decreased Level of Vitamin E is seen in:
● Normocytic, normochromic anemia
● Fat malabsorption
● Abetalipoproteinemia
● Cystic fibrosis
● Platelet aggregation
● Normocytic, normochromic anemia is seen in
Hemolytic anemia
T/F Vitamin E has no known toxicity related to
increased Vit. E concentration
T
Methods used in the laboratory analysis of Vitamin E
HPLC
most commonly measured form of Vitamin E
α-tocopherol
LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN E:
α-tocopherol reference value
0.5-1 mg/dL
Came from a german word “Koagulation”
VITAMIN K
VITAMIN K Came from a german word “____”
“Koagulation”
Vitamin K is AKA
“Koagulation Vitamin
AKA “Koagulation Vitamin”
VITAMIN K
Group of substances that is essential for activation
of the prothrombin group of clotting factors
VITAMIN K
VITAMIN K are a group of substances that is essential for activation of the _______
prothrombin group of clotting factors
T/F: prothrombin group of clotting factors are vitamin K dependent
T
What are the prothrombin group of clotting factors
→ Factor II
→ Factor VII
→ Factor IX
→ Factor X
→ Protein S and Protein C
Prothrombin factor
Factor II
stable factor
Factor VII
plasma thrombin plasmin/
Christmas factor
Factor IX
Stuart-Prower factor
Factor X
Coenzyme for carboxylation of glutamyl residues of
certain proteins (clotting factors)
VITAMIN K
VITAMIN K is a coenzyme for ____ of _____ of
certain proteins (clotting factors)
carboxylation;
glutamyl residues
All forms of Vitamin K contains ___
naphthoquinone ring
T/F: all forms of VITAMIN K contains naphthoquinone ring, and all are the same
F; all contains naphthoquinone ring and only differs on
the R or side chain
What are the 3 forms of Vit. K
Phylloquinone (K1)
Menaquinone (K2)
Menadione (K3)
form of vit. K with 20 carbon chain
Phylloquinone (K1)
Abundant form of Vit. K present in plants
Phylloquinone (K1)
form of vit. K with 30 carbon chain
→ Menaquinone (K2)
form of vit. K that is Synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
→ Menaquinone (K2)
form of vit. K that Can be acquired from animal products
Menaquinone (K2)
form of vit. K with hydrogen
Menadione (K3)
form of vit. K with hydrogen
Menadione (K3)
form of vit. K which is the basis of the synthetic Vit. K
→ Menadione (K3)
T/F: Menadione (K3) is the basis of the synthetic Vit. K (majority are
related to menadione)
T
Two Sources of Vitamin K
● Plant and animal products
● Intestinal bacteria
● Intestinal bacteria is a source of Vitamin K contrbuting to how many %?
50%
Functions of Vitamin K
Activation of Clotting Factors
VITAMIN K FUNCTION:
Activation of Clotting Factors:
post-translational ____ of ____ residue of certain clotting factors (____) present in the ____ form called as _____
carboxylation;
glutamyl;
prothrombin group;
inactive;
zymogens
T/F: All clotting factors are produced by the liver
F; except for calcium (factor IV).
T/F: The clotting factors produced by the liver are in
active form
F; inactive form
inactive form of CF is AKA
zymogen
Zymogen contains _____
glutamyl residue.
VITAMIN K FUNCTION: (Activation of Clotting Factors)
The presence of Vit K and ____ will carboxylate
the ___ to form ______
CO2
zymogen
γ-carboxyglutamic acid
(activated form of CF
γ-carboxyglutamic acid
Serve as
binding site for calcium.
γ-carboxyglutamic acid
Decreased Level of Vitamin K is seen in
Antibiotic therapy
Warfarin (Coumadin) therapy
Why is vit K decreased during antibiotic therapy
since 50% of Vit K are synthesized by intestinal
bacteria which may be killed in the presence of
antibiotic
vitamin K antagonists
Warfarin (Coumadin) therapy
What is the role of vitamin K antagonists
contradict the action of
Vit. K
T/F: Toxicity/Increased Vitamin K is not common
among adult but increased Vitamin K in infants
may show hyperbilirubinemia
T
Toxicity/Increased Vitamin K is not common
among adult but increased Vitamin K in ___
may show ____
infants
hyperbilirubinemia
T/F: Decreased levels of Vit. K may lead to
hemorrhagic episodes bec. some CF
require Vit. K for it to be activated
T
____ (inc/dec) levels of Vit. K may lead to
____ bec. some CF
require Vit. K for it to be ____
Decreased
hemorrhagic episodes
activated
T/F: Quantitation of Vitamin K is performed in most
clinical laboratories
F; NOT PERFORMED
test used to assess Vit K
Prothrombin time
Reference value of Prothrombin time
11-15 seconds
Most functional indicator of Vitamin K status
Prothrombin time
prolonged prothrombin time (>15 secs) is an indication of
Vitamin K deficiency
Vitamin K deficiency: ____
prolonged prothrombin
time (>15 secs)
what ARE THE 2 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VIT. C AND B
VITAMIN C is AKA
Ascorbic acid
Ascorbic acid means
without scurvy
“a”
without
“scorbic”
scurvy
condition wherein there is
Vit. C deficiency
scurvy
Least stable of all vitamins
VITAMIN C
Can be easily destroyed by heat and oxidation
VITAMIN C
VITAMIN C:
2 Forms (isomers)
L-vitamin C
D-vitamin C
: functional form of vit C
L-vitamin C
non-functional form of Vit C
D-vitamin C
Sources of Vitamin C
● Citrus fruits
● Vegetables
T/F: Vit. C is not produced by high forms of mammals such as
humans.
t
Humans cannot produce Vit. C because
humans lack the enzyme ______
L-gluconolactone oxidase
imp. enzyme for Vit. C synthesis
L-gluconolactone oxidase
What are the functions of Vitamin C
● Reducing agent
● Antioxidant
● Collagen biosynthesis
● Norepinephrine biosynthesis
● Carnitine biosynthesis
● Bile acid biosynthesis
● Increase intestinal absorption of Iron
can reduce oxidants in the body
Vitamin C
is a supportive tissue (strengthens
blood vessel walls, plays role in bone and teeth
formation, formation of scars)
collagen
Norepinephrine biosynthesis or ___
dopamine biosynthesis
Decreased level of Vit. C is seen in
Scurvy
inability of the body to form adequate
connective tissue
Scurvy
Scurvy:
→ Reduced ____ of ______
→ ________
→ Reduced cross-linking of collagen fibers
→ Hemorrhagic disorders
SCURVY:
example of Hemorrhagic disorders
○ Bleeding gums
○ Impaired wound healing
○ Anemia
History of scurvy:
____ sailors on a long
voyage would likely not return home alive. Not
because they are killed or die in a storm but
because they develop a disease known as
____. Then, a british doctor found out that _____ can prevent the disease.
British;
scurvy;
lime juice
British are called as what
Limeys
Why are British called limeys
bec. they store large
amounts of lime juice on board
Why are British called limeys
bec. they store large
amounts of lime juice on board
Increased Level of Vitamin C is seen in
- Increased kidney stone formation
- Increased uric acid excretion
- Excess iron absorption
What are the methods used for the laboratory analysis of Vitamin C
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method
HPLC
HPLC stands for
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Most widely used method in Lab analysis of vit C
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method
Measures total vitamin C
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method
what are the total vitamin C measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method
✓ ascorbic acid
✓ dehydroascorbic acid
✓ diketogluconic acid
What are the interferences in 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method
✓ Amino acids
✓ Thiosulfates
Reference value in Lab analysis of Vitamin C
0.4-0.6 mg/dL
What are the 8 types of Vitamin B
a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
e. B6 (Pyridoxine)
f. B12 (Cobalamins)
g. Folic acid
h. Biotin (Vitamin H)
Thiamine
B1
B1 (Thiamine) aka
“aneurine” or “anti-beriberi factor”
Aka “aneurine” or “anti-beriberi factor”
B1 (Thiamine)
First vitamin to be isolated in pure form
B1 (Thiamine)
Heat sensitive
B1 (Thiamine)
Active form of B1
: Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Acts as a coenzyme for Oxidative
decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids and
carbohydrates
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) acts as a ____ for _____ of ____and
____
coenzyme;
Oxidative decarboxylation;
alpha-ketoacids;
carbohydrates
Decreased level of B1 (thiamine) is seen in
Beriberi
major cause of Decreased Level in B1 (thiamine)
chronic alcoholism
T/F chronic alcoholism impairs intestinal absorption of B1
korique
weakness of the muscle
Beriberi
Beriberi is associated with
partial paralysis of smooth muscle of the
GIT, skeletal muscle paralysis, and muscular
weakness
types of beriberi
Wet Beriberi
Dry Beriberi
Infantile Beriberi
Wernickle-Korsaroff syndrome
Beriberi with Cardiovascular System
(CVS) manifestation
Wet Beriberi
Beriberi with Central Nervous System
(CNS) manifestation
Dry Beriberi
Beriberi that occurs on infants born
to thiamine-deficient mothers
Infantile Beriberi
cerebral beriberi
Wernickle-Korsaroff syndrome
manifested with having
mental confusion, disorientation, and loss
of memory
Wernickle-Korsaroff syndrome
measures Vit B before and after addition of
Thiamine pyrophosphate/TPP
Erythrocyte Transketolase Activity
Erythrocyte Transketolase Activity measures Vit B before and after addition of ____
Thiamine pyrophosphate/TPP
thiamine deficiency indicates ____ in activity after
addition of TPP
25%↑
25%↑ in activity after
addition of TPP
Thiamine deficiency:
B2 is also called
Riboflavin
B2 is called riboflavin due to the presence of ____ in its
structure
ribose
Heat stable but it is light sensitive
B2 (Riboflavin)
Components of 2 coenzymes that catalyzed
oxidation-reduction reactions
B2 (Riboflavin)
what are the 2 coenzymes that catalyzed
oxidation-reduction reactions
→ Flavin mononucleotide
→ Flavin adenine dinucleotide
redox reactions that uses these 2 coenzymes that catalyzed
oxidation-reduction reactions
→ Carbohydrate
→ Protein
→ Fat metabolism
B2 (Riboflavin):
● Body stores: ___
up to 5 months
B2 (Riboflavin):
● Excretion: ___
Urine
B2 (Riboflavin):
● Sources: ___
milk, liver, eggs, meat, leafy vegetables
B2 (Riboflavin):
● Decreased level: _____, ____, ____
nutritional deficiencies, alcoholism, chronic diarrhea
○ indicator or riboflavin deficiency
Glutathione Reductase Activity (in lab analysis)
riboflavin deficiency %
↓40%
Generic term for Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
B3 (Niacin)
B3 (Niacin) is a generic term for ___ and ____
Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
- given as a therapeutic agent to
decrease lipid level
Nicotinic acid
Component of 2 coenzymes (NAD, NADP)
B3 (Niacin)
→ These coenzymes are necessary for many
metabolic processes including:
____
____
_____
_____
NAD, NADP
○ tissue respiration
○ lipid metabolism
○ fatty acid metabolism
○ glycolysis
Niacin is unique because it can be produced by the
body using the amino acid ____
tryptophan
tryptophan can produced __
Niacin
____ of Tryptophan can produce ____ of Niacin
60 mg
1 mg
Heat resistant/stable
B3 (Niacin)
B3 (Niacin)
● Excretion: ____ (___)
Urine (N-methylnicotinamide/NMN)
B3 (Niacin)
● Toxicity seen in __
lipid-lowering therapies
B3 (Niacin)
● Decreased level is seen in
Pellagra
Hartnup Disease
cerebral/CNS disorder with decreased level of B3 (Niacin)
Pellagra
Pellagra is manifested
with:
○ Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea (3D)
○ Psychological disturbances,
hallucinations, delusions, dermatitis
showing a scaly sores in the skin
3D
Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
what disorder is manifested with:
○ Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea (3D)
○ Psychological disturbances,
hallucinations, delusions, dermatitis
showing a scaly sores in the skin
Pellagra
inherited condition wherein there is a defective intestinal absorption of
tryptophan
Hartnup Disease
results to defective
biosynthesis or in vivo production of
niacin
Hartnup Disease
Hartnup Disease results to
defective
biosynthesis or in vivo production of
niacin
T/F Hartnup Disease is related with niacin
F; Not related with niacin
Laboratory Analysis of B3 (Niacin)
→ NMN Urine Determination
B3 (Niacin):
Reference value (NMN) ___
2.4-6.4 mg/day (urine)
“Chick Antidermatitis Factor”
B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
B5
Pantothenic Acid
B5 (Pantothenic Acid) aka
“Chick Antidermatitis Factor
B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Came from the greek word “___” which means “____”
“Pantos”
“everywhere”
ubiquitous, widely distributed
B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Growth factor In all types of animals and plants
B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Converted to 4’-phosphopantetheine (coenzyme
A)
B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
B5 (Pantothenic Acid) is Converted to ____ (_____)
4’-phosphopantetheine;
coenzyme A
Deficiency in B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Burning Feet Syndrome
paresthesia of the
extremities
Burning Feet Syndrome
● Laboratory Analysis B5 (Pantothenic Acid):
→ Reference Value:
○ Whole Blood/Serum: ____
○ Urine: ___
○ Whole Blood/Serum: 344-583 ug/L
○ Urine: 1-15 mg/day
● Laboratory Analysis B5 (Pantothenic Acid):
→ Pantothenic Acid deficiency:
○ Whole Blood Levels: ____
○ Urine level: ___
○ Whole Blood Levels: <100 ug/L
○ Urine level: <1 mg/day
Lab analysis of
○ Whole Blood Levels: <100 ug/L
○ Urine level: <1 mg/day
is an indication of what?
Pantothenic Acid deficiency
Regarded as the “Sleeping Giant of Vitamins”
B6 (Pyridoxine)
B6
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine
B6
B6 (Pyridoxine) is Regarded as
Sleeping Giant of Vitamins
ubiquitous/widely distributed; however, for
many years its clinical value is unknown
B6 (Pyridoxine
T/F: B6 (Pyridoxine) is ubiquitous/widely distributed; however, for many years its clinical value is unknown
T
B6 (Pyridoxine) Has three forms that are converted to _____
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
three forms of B6 (Pyridoxine)
→ Pyridoxine
→ Pyridoxal & Pyridoxamine
forms of B6 in plants
Pyridoxine
form of B6 in animals
Pyridoxal & Pyridoxamine
Important for synthesis, catabolism and
interconversion of amino acids
B6 (Pyridoxine)
Deficiency of B6 (Pyridoxine) is associated with
___
hyperhomocysteinemia
B6 (Pyridoxine):
● Laboratory Analysis:
→ _____
→ Reference value (PLP): ____
→ Plasma PLP levels
→ Reference value (PLP): 5-30 ng/mL
Vit. B6 Deficiency levels/ reference
<5 ng/mL
<5 ng/mL of the PLP level indicates
Vit. B6 Deficiency
Refers to large group of cobalt-containing
compounds
B12 (Cobalamins)
B12
Cobalamins
B12 (Cobalamins) bears a ____ with ____(____)
corrin ring
cobalt (cobamine)
All substance that contains corrin ring
corrinoids
Cobalamins are differentiated based on the
___ attached on the ___ atom
(oriented ___) of the _____
substituent;
cobalt;
up;
cobamide complex
Cobalamins with Cyanide attached
cyanocobalamin
Cobalamins with Methyl attached
methylcobalamin
Cobalamins with 5’-deoxyadenosine attached
deoxyadenosylcobalamin
Coenzyme for hematopoiesis and fatty acid
metabolism
B12 (Cobalamins)
Essential for DNA synthesis
B12 (Cobalamins)
B12 (Cobalamins):
SOURCE: ___ (___)
Animal products (intestinal microbial
synthesis)
The only vitamin that is not found in vegetables
B12 (Cobalamins)
T/F: B12 (Cobalamins) IS The only vitamin that is not found in vegetables. Hence, the reason why vegans/vegetarians are usually Vit. B12 deficient
T
B12 (Cobalamins)
● Absorption: ___
Ileum (Intrinsic Factor)
a protein produced by the
gastric parietal cells.
Intrinsic factor
B12 (Cobalamins):
DEFICIENCY: ____,___
- Pernicious anemia
- Fish tapeworm infection
lack of intrinsic factor
Pernicious anemia (Megaloblastic anemic)
○ Autoimmune disease wherein the body produced antibodies against the gastric parietal cells/intrinsic factor
Pernicious anemia (Megaloblastic anemic)
Px with Pernicious anemia shows ____
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue
Glossitis
Specie involved in fish tapeworm infection
Diphyllobothrium latum
D. latum can cause ____ bec. they compete with the absorption of ____ by the ____
Pernicious anemia;
Vitamin B12;
Intrinsic Factor
T/F D. latum can cause Pernicious anemia
T
B12 (Cobalamins):
REFERENCE RANGE: ___
110-800 pg/mL
Methods used in B12 (Cobalamins)
- Microbial assay
- Competitive Binding RIA
- Enzyme Immunoassay
Microbial assay under the lab analysis of the B12 uses what specie
Lactobacillus leichmannii
folic acid is aka
Folate or pteroylglutamic acid
Aka Folate or pteroylglutamic acid
Folic Acid
Coenzyme for carbon-transfer enzymatic reactions
Folic Acid
Folic Acid is Metabolically related to ____
Vitamin B12
Metabolically related to Vitamin B12
Folic Acid
Folic Acid sources:
- Intestinal microbial synthesis
- Green and leafy vegetables, fruits, organ meats, yeasts
Folic Acid Deficiency:
Megaloblastic anemia
Folic Acid Methods
- Erythrocyte Folate Concentration
- Microbial assay
- Competitive-Binding Assay
– best laboratory index of folate deficiency
Erythrocyte Folate Concentration
Specie used in microbial assay under folic acid
Lactobacillus casei
Vitamin H or
Biotin
Plays an integral role in the diff metabolic processes:
Biotin (Vitamin H)
metabolic processes that involves vit H
Gluconeogenesis
Lipogenesis
Fatty acid synthesis
Coenzyme for carboxylation reactions
Biotin (Vitamin H)
Biotin (Vitamin H) Deficiency:
- Patient receiving long-term parenteral nutrition
- Newborns with inborn-error-of metabolism
- Ingestion of large amount of avidin
glycoprotein found in raw egg white
avidin
can bind biotin causing deficiency in biotin
avidin
avidin can bind biotin causing ____in ___
deficiency ;
biotin
Biotin (Vitamin H)
Reference range: ___
200-500 pg/mL
Biotin (Vitamin H)
Methods:___
- Microbial assay
- Isotopic dilution
- Chemiluminescent assay
Microbial assay in Biotin (Vitamin H)
uses what Lactobacillus spp.
Lactobacillus plantarum
