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CC II (lec) > Electrolytes Part 2 (Magnesium & Bicarbonate) > Flashcards

Electrolytes Part 2 (Magnesium & Bicarbonate) Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular cation

A

MAGNESIUM

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2
Q

2nd most abundant cation in the CELL

A

MAGNESIUM

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3
Q

What is the 1st abundant cation in the CELL

A

Potassium

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4
Q

4th most abundant cation

A

MAGNESIUM

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5
Q

Rank Na, K, Ca, and Mg based on their abundance as a cation

1st - ____
2nd - ___
3rd - ___
4th - ____

A

1st - Na+
2nd - Ca2+
3rd - K+
4th - Mg2+

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6
Q

How many magnesium are distributed in the bones?

A

53%

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7
Q

How many magnesium are distributed in the muscles?

A

46%

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8
Q

How many magnesium are distributed in the serum and RBC?

A

1%

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9
Q

What are the Functions of Magnesium

A

-Maintenance of DNA, RNA, and Ribosomes structures
-CHO, CHONs and Lipid synthesis
-Neuromuscular transmission
-Enzyme cofactor (Activator)
-Regulated movement of K+ across myocardium

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10
Q

Reference values of Magnesium

A

1.26-2.10 mg/dL

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11
Q

What are the three forms of magnesium

A
  1. Free Mg2+ (Ionized form)
  2. Protein-bound Mg2+
  3. Ion-complexed Mg2+
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12
Q

Free Mg2+ form

A

Ionized form

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13
Q

Free Mg2+ (Ionized form) %?

A

55%

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14
Q

physiologically active form of magnesium

A

Free Mg2+ (Ionized form)

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15
Q

Protein-bound Mg2+ %?

A

30%

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16
Q

Example of Protein-bound Mg2+

A

Albumin

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17
Q

Ion-complexed Mg2+ %?

A

15%

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18
Q

Example of Ion-complexed Mg2+

A

PO4- , citrate

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19
Q

Three regulators of Magnesium

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Parathyroid Hormone
  3. Aldosterone and Thyroxine (T4)
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20
Q

principal regulator of magnesium

A

kidney

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21
Q

Renal Threshold in kidney (Mg)

A

0.60-0.85 mmol/L

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22
Q

reabsorbs 25-30% of filtered ionized Mg2+

A

PCT

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23
Q

PCT reabsorbs ___ of filtered ionized Mg2+

A

25-30%

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24
Q

reabsorbs 50-60% of filtered Mg2+

A

Ascending Loop of Henle

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25
Q

Ascending Loop of Henle reabsorbs ____ of filtered Mg2+

A

50-60%

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26
Q

reabsorbs 2-5% of filtered Mg2+

A

DCT

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27
Q

DCT reabsorbs ___ of filtered Mg2

A

2-5%

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28
Q

↑Mg2+ by increasing renal and intestinal reabsorption of Mg2+

A

Parathyroid Hormone

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29
Q

↓Mg2+ by increasing renal excretion of Mg2+

A

Aldosterone and Thyroxine (T4)

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30
Q

↓plasma Mg2+

A

HYPOMAGNESEMIA

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31
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia

A

-Diarrhea and Pancreatitis
-Malabsorption
-Hyperparathyroidism
-Renal Loss
-Diabetes Mellitus
-Malnutrition

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32
Q

T/F: PTH causes excretion of Mg2+

A

T; PTH = ↑Ca2+ = causes excretion of Mg2+

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33
Q

↑plasma Mg2+

A

HYPERMAGNESEMIA

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34
Q

less frequent than hypomagnesemia

A

HYPERMAGNESEMIA

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35
Q

Causes of hypermagnesemia

A

Renal Failure
Antacids
Dehydration
Bone Cancer
Endocrine Disorder
Addison’s Disease

36
Q

most common cause of HYPERMAGNESEMIA

A

Renal Failure

37
Q

Specimen used in magnesium

A

Serum
Heparinized Plasma (Lithium heparin)
Urine

38
Q

In magnesium, when using ____ as a specimen, it must be ____ with _____ to prevent ____ of Mg2+

A

Urine
acidified
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
ppt

39
Q

Variables in Mg

A

Hemolysis
Anticoagulants

40
Q

T/F Hemolysis causes false decrease in Mg

A

F; false increase

41
Q

Example of Anticoagulants that are considered variable in Mg

A

EDTA, oxalates, citrates

42
Q

Why anticoagulants EDTA, oxalates, citrates considered as variables?

A

bec they bind Mg2+ causing false decrease

43
Q

3 lab methods under Mg

A

Colorimetric Method
Dye-Lake Method
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

44
Q

4 examples of colorimetric method in Mg

A

Calmagite Method
Formazan Dye Method
Methylthymol Blue Method
O-cresolphthalein complexone

45
Q

(+) reddish-violet complex (532 nm)

A

Calmagite Method

46
Q

Calmagite Method forms what complex and measured at what wavelength

A

(+) reddish-violet complex
532 nm)

47
Q

(+) blue-colored complex

A

Formazan Dye Method

48
Q

formazan Dye Method complex and wavelegth

A

(+) blue-colored complex (660 nm)

49
Q

(+) colored complex

A

Methylthymol Blue Method

50
Q

Methylthymol Blue Method complex and wavelength

A

(+) colored complex (600 nm)

51
Q

also used for calcium measurement

A

O-cresolphthalein complexone

52
Q

O-cresolphthalein complexone measured at what wavelength

53
Q

Uses Titan Yellow Dye

A

Dye-Lake Method

54
Q

Dye-Lake Method aka

A

Clayton Yellow or Thiazole Yellow

55
Q

Dye-Lake Method: end product and wavelength

A

Yellow-colored complex
(570-590 nm)

56
Q

2nd most abundant anion in the ECF or plasma

A

BICARBONATE

57
Q

Function of Bicarbonate

A

-major component of blood buffering system (Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer)
-90% of total CO2 in the blood at physiologic pH
-Buffers excess hydrogen ion by combining with acid

58
Q

BICARBONATE FUNX

____ of total CO2 in the blood at physiologic pH

59
Q

When bicarbonate reach the ___ it will be split into ___ and ___ and will be eliminated by ____

A

LUNGS
H,O
CO2
EXHALING

60
Q

Reference Values of bicarbonate

A

23-29 mmol/L (venous serum/plasma)

61
Q

REGULATIONS:

Kidney
____: 85% HCO3- ____
DCT: _____ HCO3- _____

A

PCT; reabsorbed
15%; reabsorbed

62
Q

REGULATIONS:

Kidney
PCT: ____ HCO3- reabsorbed
DCT: ____ HCO3- reabsorbed

63
Q

Both PCT and DCT reabsorbs bicarbonate as ____

64
Q

pH imbalance

A

Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis

65
Q

decreased plasma bicarbonate

A

Metabolic Acidosis:

66
Q

HCO3- combines with H+ in the kidneys to produce CO2 which is exhaled by the lungs

A

Metabolic Acidosis:

67
Q

increased plasma bicarbonate

A

Metabolic Alkalosis:

68
Q

Usually seen in vomiting (loss of chloride from stomach)

A

Metabolic Alkalosis:

69
Q

Specimen used in bicarbonate

A

Serum
Heparinized plasma

70
Q

T/F: Specimen should be collected aerobically

A

F; anaerobically

71
Q

The sample in Mg must always be capped. To prevent _____

A

CO2 escape

72
Q

If sample is left uncapped = ______ in the bicarbonate

A

6 mmol/L per hour decrease

73
Q

laboratory methods under bicarbonate

A

Enzymatic Method
Ion Selective Electrode

74
Q

T/F The Enzymatic Method in bicarbonate is coupled enzyme

75
Q

2enzymes under enzymatic method in bicarbonate

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
Malate dehydrogenase

76
Q

membrane specific to ISE method in bicarbonate

A

Severinghaus electrode

77
Q

Formula that doctors use to measure the difference between unmeasured cations and unmeasured anions

A

ANION GAP (AG)

78
Q

Calculated by the concentration difference of measured cations (Na+, K+) and measured anions (Cl- , HCO3- )

A

ANION GAP (AG)

79
Q

ANION GAP (AG) is Calculated by the concentration difference of measured cations (___, __) and measured anions (___ , ____ )

A

(Na+, K+)
(Cl- , HCO3- )

80
Q

Measures increase in one or more unmeasured anions

A

ANION GAP (AG)

81
Q

ANION GAP (AG) Measures increase in ___ or ____ unmeasured ___

A

one
more
anions

82
Q

Used as quality control measure for analyzer

A

ANION GAP (AG)

83
Q

Ref. range when using this formula

AG = Na – (Cl + HCO,)

A

7-16 mmol/L

84
Q

Ref. range when using this formula

AG = (Na + K) – (Cl + HCO,)

A

10-20 mmol/L

85
Q

What is the formula used if the reference range is
7-16 mmol/L

A

AG = Na – (Cl + HCO,)

86
Q

What is the formula used if the reference range is
10-20 mmol/L

A

AG = (Na + K) – (Cl + HCO,)

CC II (lec) (4 decks)

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