M4 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Define the term Homologous Series

Answer 1

• A family of compounds containing the same functional group (1 mark)
• but with each successive member of the series differing by a -CH₂ (1 mark)

Question 2

Define the term Hydrocarbon

Answer 2

A compound that contains ONLY hydrogen and carbon atoms (1 mark)

Question 3

Define the term Saturated

Answer 3

A compound that contains single carbon-to-carbon bonds (1 mark)

Question 4

Define the term Unsaturated

Answer 4

• Compound that contains at least one multiple bond between carbon atoms (1 mark)
• This includes:

Question 5

What is the general formula of an Alkyl Group? Provide some example of these groups

Answer 5

C_nH_2n+1

Question 6

Define the term Functional Group

Answer 6

Atom/group responsible for the characteristic reactions of the compound (1 mark)

Question 7

Why is an Alkane or Alkyl Group not classed as a Functional group?

Answer 7

• They are both relatively unreactive as they have strong C-H and C-C bonds
• C-C & C-H bonds are non polar
• C and H atoms have similar electronegativities

Question 8

What are Aliphatic Compounds - provide some examples

Answer 8

• A compound containing carbon
  and hydrogen joined together in straight
  chains, branched chains or non-aromatic
  rings
• Examples include (not limited to alkanes):

Question 9

What are Alicyclic Compounds - provide some examples

Answer 9

• An aliphatic compound arranged
  in non-aromatic rings with or without side
  chains
• Examples include (not limited to):

Question 10

What are Aromatic Compounds - provide some examples

Answer 10

Compounds that contain a
benzene ring which has the formula C₆H₆
and can be represented as:

Question 11

The organic compounds in the table below can be termed: aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic.
Identify, using letters E, F, G, H, I & J, the compound(s) which are the above types (3 marks).
Each response may contain more than one letter.

Answer 11

• Aliphatic: E, H, I & J (1 mark)
• Alicyclic: E, H & J (1 mark)
• Aromatic: F & G (1 mark)

Question 12

Propyne, CH₃C≡CH, is a member of the alkynes homologous series with the C≡C functional group.
What is the general formula of the alkynes?

Answer 12

C_nH_2n-2

Question 13

Define the term Homolytic Fission

Answer 13

The breaking of a covalent bond, where one electron (from the bond pair) goes to each atom, forming 2 radicals

Question 14

Define the term Heterolytic Fission

Answer 14

The breaking of a covalent bond, where one bonding atom receives both electrons, forming a positively and negatively charged ion

Question 15

Define the term Radical

Answer 15

A specie with an unpaired electron
(1 mark). This is formed via Heterolytic fission of Cl₂

Question 16

What does a curly arrow represent in a reaction mechanism?

Answer 16

Movement of a pair of electrons

Question 17

Name, draw the displayed formula and skeletal formula for this compound: CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₃

Answer 17

Question 18

Draw the skeletal formula and write out the name and structural formula for this compound:

Answer 18

Name: 2,3-dimethylpentane
Structural formula: CH₃CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃
Skeletal formula:

Question 19

Draw the displayed formula and write out the name and structural formula for this compound:

Answer 19

Name: 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylhexane
Structural formula: CH₃CHCH₃CH(CH₃)CH(CH₂CH₃)CH₂CH₃
Displayed formula:

Question 20

Name, draw the displayed formula and skeletal formula for this compound: CH₃CH₂CHCH₂

Answer 20

Question 21

Draw the skeletal formula and write out the name and structural formula for this compound:

Answer 21

Name: 2-methylbut-2-ene
Structural formula: CH₃CCH₃CHCH₃
Skeletal formula:

Question 22

Draw the displayed formula and write out the name and structural formula for this compound:

Answer 22

Name: 2,3-dimethylpenta-1,3-diene
Structural formula: CH₂C(CH₃)C(CH₃)CHCH₃
Displayed formula:

Question 23

Name, draw the displayed formula and skeletal formula for this compound: CH₃CH₂Br

Answer 23

Question 24

Draw the displayed formula and write out the name and structural formula for this compound:

Answer 24

Question 25

Draw the displayed formula and write out the name and structural formula for this compound:

Answer 25

Name: 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Structural formula: CF₂ClCHFCl Displayed formula:

Question 26

Name, draw the displayed formula and skeletal formula for this compound: **CH₃CHCH₃CH₂OH**

Answer 26

Question 27

Draw the displayed formula and write out the name and structural formula for this compound:

Answer 27

Question 28

Draw the skeletal formula and write out the name and structural formula for this compound:

Answer 28

Name: Propane-1,2,3-triol Structural formula: CH₂OHCHOHCH₂OH Skeletal formula:

Question 29

Define the term Structural Isomers

Answer 29

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 30

Draw and name all the chain isomers of pentane (C₅H₁₂)

Answer 30

Question 31

Name one of the structural isomers of **C₆H₁₀Br₂**

Answer 31

1,1-dibromocyclohexane OR 1,2-dibromocyclohexane OR 1,3-dibromocyclohexane OR 1,4-dibromocyclohexane

Question 32

The skeletal formulae of four alcohols: **E, F, G and H** are shown below. Which pair of alcohols are structural isomers of each other? A: E and F B: E and G C: E and H D: F and G

Answer 32

D

Question 33

How many structural isomers have the molecular **C₄H₉Cl?** A: 2 B: 3 C: 4 D: 5

Answer 33

C

Question 34

Which compound is unsaturated, alicyclic and contains an alkyl group?

Answer 34

C

Question 35

Identify the name of the functional group present:

Answer 35

Ketone

Question 36

Identify the carbon compound which has aldehyde as the functional group:

Answer 36

E

Question 37

Identify the name of the functional group present in this compound:

Answer 37

Alcohol

Question 38

Identify the carbon compound which has carboxylic acid as the functional group:

Answer 38

A

Question 39

Identify the compound which is a haloalkane:

Answer 39

C