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M4 Flashcards

1
Q

VOLUNTARY control of skeletal muscle

A

SOMATIC NS

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2
Q

INVOLUNTARY control of glands and smooth muscle

A

AUTONOMIC NS

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3
Q

AUTONOMIC NS

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

A

SYMPATHETIC

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4
Q

AUTONOMIC NS

REST AND DIGEST

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

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5
Q
  • subdivision of the peripheral effector nervous system
  • composed of 2 motor neurons that connect the brain and effector organ
  • govern involuntary activities such as heart beat, GI mobility, breathing, etc.
  • usually controls the activity of the organs covered by a viscera, so is called the visceral division of the PNS (peripheral)
A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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6
Q

AUTONOMIC NS

subdivision of the ____ nervous system

A

peripheral effector

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7
Q

AUTONOMIC NS

composed of ____ neuron that connect the brain and effector organ

A

2 motor neurons

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8
Q

AUTONOMIC NS

usually controls the activity of the organs covered by a ____

A

viscera

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9
Q
  • explain the mechanism of impulse transport across the synapse
  • presence of gaps or spaces
  • nervous system is discontinuous
A

SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION

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10
Q

SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION

explain the mechanism of ____ across the synapse

A

impulse transport

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11
Q

SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION

presence of gaps and spaces

A

synapse

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12
Q

SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION

nervous system is ____

A

discontinuous

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13
Q

the region BETWEEN pre ganglion and post ganglion

A

ganglion

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14
Q

SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION

  • synthesis, storage (vesicles), release or exocytosis of NT
  • has enzymes: metabolism
  • has autoreceptors: inhibitory effect
A

PRESYNAPSE

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15
Q

SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION

PRESYNAPSE:
auto receptors: ____ effect

A

inhibitory

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16
Q

SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION

parts of synapse

A

presynapse
cleft
post synapse

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17
Q

SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION

has enzymes: metabolism

A

cleft

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18
Q

SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION

  • has the majority of receptors: excitatory effect
  • enzymes: metabolism
A

POST SYNAPSE

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19
Q

SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION

POST SYNAPSE:
majority of receptors: ____ effect

A

excitatory

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20
Q

SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION

induces release or exocytosis

A

Calcium ion

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21
Q

SUBDIVISION OF ANS

bronchioles of the lungs:
DILATION

A

SYMPATHETIC

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22
Q

SUBDIVISION OF ANS

bronchioles of the lungs:
CONSTRCITION

A

PARASYMPHATETIC

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23
Q

SUBDIVISION OF ANS

secretion of adrenaline and NA

A

SYMPATHETIC

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24
Q

SUBDIVISION OF ANS

salivation

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

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25
Q

SUBDIVISION OF ANS

____ responses dominate when the person is under STRESS, EXERCISE, or IN MOTION (such as running)

A

SYMPATHETIC

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26
Q

SUBDIVISION OF ANS

____ dominates when the person is AT REST (energy is conserved); during sleep

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

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27
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

ORIGIN OF NEURONS:
sympathetic

A

T1-T12; L1-L5
Thoracolumbar NS

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28
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

ORIGIN OF NEURONS:
parasympathetic

A

CN 3,7,9,10; S2-S4
Craniosacral NS

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29
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

LENGTH OF NEURONS:
sympathetic

A

SHORT pre ganglion
LONG post ganglion

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30
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

LENGTH OF NEURONS:
parasympathetic

A

LONG pre ganglion
SHORT post ganglion

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31
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

LOCATION OF GANGLION:
sympathetic

A

near spinal cord

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31
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

LOCATION OF GANGLION:
parasympathetic

A

near effector organ

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32
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

SYNTHESIS, STORAGE, & RELEASE OF NT (PRESYNAPSE):
sympathetic
PRE ganglion

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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32
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

SYNTHESIS, STORAGE, & RELEASE OF NT (PRESYNAPSE):
sympathetic
POST ganglion

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

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32
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

SYNTHESIS, STORAGE, & RELEASE OF NT (PRESYNAPSE):
parasympathetic
PRE ganglion

A

Acetylcholine

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32
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

SYNTHESIS, STORAGE, & RELEASE OF NT (PRESYNAPSE):
parasympathetic
POST ganglion

A

Acetylcholine

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32
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

MAJOR/PRIMARY NT of PARASYMPATHETIC

A

Acetylcholine

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32
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

MAJOR/PRIMARY NT of SYMPATHETIC

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

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33
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

RECEPTORS (POST SYNAPSE):
sympathetic
GANGLION

A

NICOTINIC NEURAL
(QISS)

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34
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

RECEPTORS (POST SYNAPSE):
sympathetic
EFFECTOR

A

ADRENORECEPTORS
(a-1, b-1,2)

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35
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

RECEPTORS (POST SYNAPSE):
parasympathetic
GANGLION

A

NICOTINIC NEURAL
(QIQ)

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36
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

RECEPTORS (POST SYNAPSE):
parasympathetic
EFFECTOR

A

CHOLINORECEPTORS: muscarinic, nicotinic

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37
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES

PARA | EFFECTOR:
nicotinic binds to ____

A

sodium channel

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38
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC

  • sweat glands
A

more PRIMARILY parasympathetic but may part na sympathetic

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39
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC

cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals

A

PARA & SYMPA

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40
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC

renal vascular smooth muscle

A

SYMPATHETIC

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41
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC

skeletal muscle

A

SOMATIC

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42
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

SYMPATHETIC:
response related to stress

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

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43
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

PARASYMPATHETIC:
response during basal conditions

A

rest and digest

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44
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

NE vs Ach

A

functional antagonist
(different targets, opposite effects)

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45
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

SYMPATHETIC:
heart

A

tachycardia

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46
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

PARASYMPATHETIC:
heart

A

bradycardia

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47
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

SYMPATHETIC:
pupils

A

mydriasis

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48
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

SYMPATHETIC:
NE

A

Adrenergic nervous system

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49
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

PARASYMPATHETIC:
ACh

A

Cholinergic Nervous system

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50
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

PARASYMPATHETIC:
pupils

A

miosis

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51
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

SYMPATHETIC:
bronchi

A

bronchodilation

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52
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

PARASYMPATHETIC:
bronchi

A

bronchoconstriction

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53
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

SYMPATHETIC:
GIT

A

ILEUS: loss of peristalsis

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54
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

PARASYMPHATETIC:
GIT

A

bowel movement

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55
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

SYMPATHETIC:
urinary bladder

A

urine retention

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56
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

PARASYMPATHETIC:
urinary bladder

A

urination

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57
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

SYMPATHETIC:
sweating

A

APOCRINE: palms & soles

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58
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC | FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

PARASYMPATHETIC:
sweating

A

ECCRINE: generalized for thermoregulation

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59
Q
  • a network of nerve fibers within intestinal walls
  • considered a 3rd division of ANS
  • a large and highly organized collection of neurons located in the walls of GI system
  • includes myenteric plexus and submucous plexus
  • PARAsympathetic activates ENS
  • SYMPATHETIC inhibits ENS
A

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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60
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

considered a ____ of ANS

A

3rd division

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61
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

located in the

A

walls of GI system

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62
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

includes ____ and ____

A

Myenteric Plexus
Submucous Plexus

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63
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

PARASYMPATHETIC

A

activates ENS

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64
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC

A

inhibits ENS

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65
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Myenteric Plexus is also known as

A

Auerbach’s Plexus

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66
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Submucous Plexus is also known as

A

Meissner’s Plexus

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67
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

MYENTERIC:
location

A

between the circular & longitudinal muscle layers of the gut wall

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68
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SUBMUCOUS:
location

A

within the submucosa of the GI tract

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69
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

MYENTERIC:
function

A

controls GI motility (peristalsis) and muscle contractions

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70
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SUBMUCOUS:
function

A

regulates secretions and blood flow in the intestinal mucosa

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71
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

MYENTERIC:
neuronal composition

A

contains motor neurons and interneurons controlling smooth muscle

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72
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SUBMUCOUS:
neuronal composition

A

composed of sensory neurons and secretomotor neurons

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73
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

MYENTERIC:
influence

A

affects the entire GI tract, from the esophagus - rectum

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74
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SUBMUCOUS:
influence

A

more prominent in the small and large intestines

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75
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

MYENTERIC:
effect on digestion

A

regulates movement of food through the gut

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76
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SUBMUCOUS:
effect on digestion

A

modulates enzyme secretion and absorption processes

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77
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | TRANSMITTERS

  • EXCITATORY neurotransmitter
  • stimulates smooth muscle contraction, increases glandular secretions
A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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78
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | TRANSMITTERS

  • INHIBITORY (mostly sympathetic influence)
  • decreases motility and secretions, contracts sphincters
A

NOREPINEPHRINE

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79
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | TRANSMITTERS

  • modulates GUT motility and secretion
  • stimulates peristalsis, affects sensory neurons, and regulates secretion
A

SEROTONIN

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80
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | TRANSMITTERS

  • modulates ENS neuronal activity
  • inhibitis excessive motility, reduces Ach release
A

DOPAMINE

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81
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | TRANSMITTERS

  • INHIBITORY neurotransmitter
  • relaxes smooth muscles, promotes vasodilation
A

NITRIC OXIDE

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82
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | TRANSMITTERS

  • regulates smooth muscles and secretions
  • relaxes gut muscles, increases intestinal secretion, and dilation of blood vessels
A

VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP)

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83
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | TRANSMITTERS

  • EXCITATORY, involved in pain perception
  • stimulates smooth muscle contraction, enhances pain signaling
A

SUBSTANCE P

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84
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | TRANSMITTERS

  • MODULATE motility and pain perception
  • INHIBIT peristalsis, REDUCE pain sensation
A

ENKEPHALINS (opioid peptides)

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85
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | TRANSMITTERS

  • acts as a neurotransmitter in the ENS
  • can INDUCE muslce relaxation and MODULATE ENS signaling
A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

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86
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

Major NT

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

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87
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

agonists

A

-mimetics

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88
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

antagonists

A

-lytics

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89
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

ENDOGENOUS catecholamines

A

Epinephrine,
Norepinephrine,
Dopamine

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90
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

ENDOGENOUS CATECHOLAMINES:
1st to be synthesized

A

Dopamine

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91
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

ENDOGENOUS CATECHOLAMINES:
2nd to be synthesized

A

Norepinephrine

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92
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

ENDOGENOUS CATECHOLAMINES:
3rd to be synthesized

A

Epinephrine

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93
Q

synthesize tyrosine to L-dopa

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

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94
Q

inhibits tyrosine hydrxylase

A

METYROSINE

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95
Q

inhibits storage of dopamine

A

Reserpine / Tetrabenazine

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96
Q

exocytosis inhibitor in the presynapse

A

Bretyllium, Guanethidine

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97
Q

reuptake inhibitor (presynapse)

A

Cocaine
Tricyclic antidepressants

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98
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

biosynthesis of endogenous catecholamine

A

Tyrosine -> L-dopa -> Dopamine -> Norepinephrine -> Epinephrine

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99
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

precursor to the conversion of L-dopa

A

tyrosine

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100
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

  • the rate limiting enzyme in production of endogenous catecholamines
  • inhibited by Metyrosine (decrease sympathetic effect)
A

TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE

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101
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

Formation of Dopamine:
enzyme

A

L-DOPA carboxylase

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102
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

Formation of NE occurs where

A

inside the vesicles

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103
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

Formation of NE:
enzyme

A

Dopamine-B-hydroxylase

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104
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

Formation of Epinephrine occurs in the ____

A

adrenal medulla

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105
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

Formation of Epinephrine:
enzyme

A

PENMT: Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

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106
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

PREVENT premature metabolism of dopamine

A

storage of dopamine

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107
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

STIMULANTS of exocytosis

greater for NE binding

A

Tyramine
Ephedrine
Amphetamine, Angiotensin II
Methamphenamine

TEAM

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108
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

INHIBITORS of exocytosis

less NE for binding

A

Guanethidine
Guanadrel
Bretylium

GGB

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109
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

TERMINATION occurs in the ____

A

cleft

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110
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

REDUCE NE for binding

A

Termination

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111
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

REUPTAKE inhibitors

increase NE for binding

A

Cocaine
Atomoxetine
Sibutramine

CAS

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112
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

enzymes for METABOLISM

A

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
Catechol-O-Methyltrasnferase (COMT)

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113
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

PRODUCTS of metabolism:
EPI, NE

A

3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid or VMA (vanillylmandelic acid)

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114
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

PRODUCTS of metabolism:
DOPAMINE

A

homovanillic acid

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115
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

MAO inhibitors

A

MPITS

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116
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

COMT inhibitors

A

-capones

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117
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

GPCRs

A

QISS Alpha receptors
Type 2 metabotropic receptors

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118
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

ALPHA 1:
smooth muscle

A

contraction

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119
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

ALPHA 1:
blood vessel

A

vascoconstriction

increase BP

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120
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

ALPHA 1:
bladder trigone, sphincter CLOSURE

A

urine retention

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121
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

ALPHA 1:
prostatic smooth muscle

A

contraction = urine retention

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122
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

ALPHA 1:
radial muscles (iris)

A

contraction = MYDRIASIS

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123
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

ALPHA 1:
sphincter muscle

contraction of iris

A

bigger pupils -> MIOSIS

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124
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

ALPHA 1:
pilomotor smooth muscles (skin)

A

PILOERECTION (goosebumps)

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125
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

  • inhibits further release of NE from the vesicles
  • less NE for binding
  • CONSEQUENCES:
    * Central: depression, sedation
    * Peripheral: vasodilation = decrease BP (anti HTN = a2 agonist)
A

ALPHA 2 receptor; PRESYNAPTIC = inhibitory

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126
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

ALPHA 2:
POST synaptic
Peripheral blood vessel (usually in the eyes)

A

VASOCONSTRICTION

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127
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

ALPHA 2:
* reduces pain perception via effects on the spinal cord and brain stem
* used in chronic pain and surgical anesthesia

A

ANALGESIC

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128
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

ALPHA 2:
* helps manage opioid and nicotine withdrawal by decreasing sympathetic overactivity

A

Reduction of Opiate Withdrawal Symptoms

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129
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

ALPHA 2:
* some a2 agonists reduce aqueous humor production, lowering intraocular pressure in glaucoma

A

decreased Intraocular pressure

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130
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

  • HEART = increase inotropy, chronotropy, dromotropy = cardiac stimulation
  • KIDNEY = increase renin
A

BETA 1 receptor

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131
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

BETA 1:
important for synthesis of angiotensin II = increase BP

A

RENIN

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132
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

BETA 1:
* specific region with beta 1 receptor
* specific region where beta 1 are

A

JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS

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133
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

BETA 2:
smooth muscles

A

relaxation

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134
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

BETA 2:
bronchi

A

bronchodilation

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135
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

BETA 2:
uterus

A

tocolysis
(relaxation of uterus)

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136
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

BETA 2:
blood vessels (skeletal muscles)

A

vasodilation

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137
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

BETA 2:
skeletal muscles contraction

A

tremors

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138
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

BETA 2:
skeletal muscle ____ iptake in the muscles = hypokalemia

A

enhance K ion uptake

low levels of K ion in the blood leads to hypokalemia

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139
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

BETA 3:
fat cells

A

adipocytes

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140
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

BETA 3:
break down of fats

A

lipolysis

weight loss

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141
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ADRENORECEPTORS

activation of BETA 3 leads to

A

lipolysis

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142
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

agonists

A

SYMPATHOMIMETICS

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143
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS

adrenoceptor activation: drug binding to receptor

A

DIRECT acting sympathomimetics

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144
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS

  • enhance level of NE for binding
  • enhance exocytosis
  • inhibit reuptake
A

INDIRECT acting sympathomimetics

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145
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS

direct + indirect
enhance exocytosis

A

MIXED ACTING sympathomimetics

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146
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS

  • Nonselective
  • Selective
A

Direct acting

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147
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS

DIRECT ACTING:
* activate MORE THAN 1 sympathetic receptor (alpha and beta)
* endogenous catecholamines: EPI, NE, DA

A

NONSELECTIVE

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148
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

  • high potency at adrenoreceptors
  • high affinity in BETA than alpha
  • beta effect at LOW dose
  • alpha effect at HIGH dose
  • Polar/Hydrophilic – impermeable BBB = no CNS effects
  • extensively metabolized by MAO and COMT
A

NONSELECTIVE

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149
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
high POTENCY at ____

A

adrenoreceptors

150
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
higher AFFINITY in ____ than ____

A

in beta than alpha

151
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
BETA effect at ____ dose

152
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
ALPHA effect at
____ dose

153
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE DIRECT ACTING

A

EPI, NE, DA

154
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
* the ONLY bronchodilating
* B1 = B2&raquo_space;> a1
* the ONLY that has activity at B2 = only bronchodilating endogenous

A

EPINEPHRINE

155
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
B1 > a1

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

156
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
D1 > B1&raquo_space; a1

157
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
* enhance renal vasodilation
* increase GFR
* increase diuresis

158
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
____ BBB

A

Polar/Hydrophilic
Impermeable - cannot pass
NO CNS effects

159
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
extensively metabolized by

A

MAO and COMT

160
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
duration of action

161
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
oral bioavailability

162
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
* 1ST LINE cardiac stimulant (B-1)
* 1ST LINE agent in the treatment of anaphylactic shock (caused by allergy)
* 1ST LINE agent for: anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid reaction
* Local vasoconstrictor combined with LIDOCAINE = enhanced local anesthesia of lidocaine and minimize bleeding
* for glaucoma

A

EPINEPHRINE / ADRENALINE

163
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE | EPINEPHRINE/ADRENALINE:
1ST LINE for

A

cardiac stimulant
tx of anaphylactic shock
anaphylaxis
anaphylactoid

164
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE | EPINEPHRINE/ADRENALINE:
* increase histamine = bronchoconstriction
* IgE mediated

A

anaphylaxis

165
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE | EPINEPHRINE/ADRENALINE:
* increase histamine = bronchoconstriction
* NON IgE mediated; drug induced
* can be caused by: Morphine, Tubocurarine, Guanethedine

A

anaphylactoid

166
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE | EPINEPHRINE/ADRENALINE:
local vasoconstrictor combined with ____

167
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE | EPI/ADRENALINE:
* for GLAUCOMA
* prodrug of EPI
* pivalic acid ester of EPI

A

DIPIVEFRIN

168
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
1ST LINE for SEPTIC SHOCK (caused by infection)

A

NOREPINEPHRINE / NORADRENALINE / LEVARTERENOL

169
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE:
* alternative for SEPTIC SHOCK and CARDIOGENIC SHOCK (caused by HF)
* management of ACUTE HF with complication of oliguria and anuria (low urine output)

170
Q

LOW urine output

A

oliguria & anuria

171
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE | TOXIC EFFECTS:
a1 overstimulation = vascoconstriction

A

HTN, digital necrosis (purple fingers, poisoning)

172
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE | TOXIC EFFECTS:
b1 overstimulation

A

ventricular tachycardia

173
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE | TOXIC EFFECTS:
treatment for b1 overstimulation = VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

A

PHENTOLAMINE

174
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE:
* CONSTRICTOR drugs
* Phenylephrine, Methoxamine
* Propylhexedrine
* Tetrahydrozoline, Oxymetazoline, Nafazoline

A

ALPHA1 AGONIST

175
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE:
Alpha 1 agonist

A

Phenylephrine, Methoxamine
Propylhexedrine
Tetrahydrozoline, Oxymetazoline, Nafazoline

176
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 1 AGONIST:
effects

A

vasoconstriction
mydriasis

177
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 1 AGONIST:
local effects

A

intrasal
eye drops

178
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 1 AGONIST:
nasal spray - decongestant

A

Oxymetazoline (Drixine)

179
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 1 AGONIST:
eye drops - treatment of red eyes

A

Tetrahydroziline (Eye Mo Red)

180
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 1 AGONIST:
systemic effects

A

for nasal congestion
tx of hypotension

181
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 1 AGONIST:
MYDRIATIC in eye examination = for full view of retina

A

PHENYLEPHRINE

182
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 1 AGONIST:
LOCAL toxic effect

A

rhinitis medicamentosa

rebound congestion if used more than 3 days

183
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 1 AGONIST:
SYSTEMIC toxic effects

A
  • increase blood pressure
  • urine retention
184
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE:
* antiglaucoma agents: Apraclonidine, Brimonidine
* antihypertensive agents: Methyldopa, Clonidine, Guanfacine, Guanabenz

A

ALPHA 2 AGONIST

185
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 2 AGONIST:
antiglaucoma agents

A

Apraclonidine, Brimonidine

186
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 2 AGONIST:
antihypertensive agents

A

Methyldopa, Clonidine, Guanfacine, Guanabenz

187
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 2 AGONIST:
BRAND NAME methyldopa

188
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 2 AGONIST:
BRAND NAME Clonidine

189
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 2 AGONIST:
* PRODRUG of methyldopa
* a FALSE NT

A

a-methyl-norepinephrine

190
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 2 AGONIST:
MOA of Clonidine

A

Initial: increase BP
Final: decrease BP

191
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 2 AGONIST:
CLINICAL USE methyldopa

A

HTN emergency
(increase in BP leads to organ damage)

if NO organ damage – HTN urgency

192
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 2 AGONIST:
CLINICAL USE Clonidine

A

HTN crisis
(general increase in BP)

193
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 2 AGONIST:
TOXIC EFFECTS methyldopa

A

Sedation
Hepatotoxicity
positive Coombs test
positive Hemolytic anemia

194
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

SELECTIVE | ALPHA 2 AGONIST:
TOXIC EFFECTS Clonidine

A

Withdrawal
Rebound HTN

195
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

NONSELECTIVE BETA AGONIST:
* alternative agent during shock
* alternative in the management of acute heart failure

A

Isoproterenol / Isoprenaline

na shock si TERE PRE! nagka heart failure

196
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 1 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
* DIAGNOSIS: for pharmacologic stress test
* TREATMENT: 1st line treatment for cardiogenic shock (caused by HF)
* used for management of acute HF

A

DOBUTAMINE

DOB DOB - heart beat sound

197
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 2 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
SHORT ACTING

A

Terbutaline
Albuterol
Metaprotrenol
Pirbuterol

TAMP

198
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 2 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
LONG ACTING

A

Salmeterol
Formoterol
Indacaterol
Bambuterol

SFIB

199
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 2 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
short acting that is the ONLY subcutaneous

A

Terbutaline

200
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 2 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
brand name of Albuterol

A

Salbutamol

201
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 2 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
long acting that has SLOW onset

A

Salmeterol

mabagal si SALM

202
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 2 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
long acting that has FAST onset

A

Formoterol

mabilis ang MOTER (motor)

203
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 2 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
CLASSES

A

SABA
LABA
Tocolytics

203
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 2 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
the ONLY oral LONG ACTING

A

Bambuterol

204
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 2 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
* treatment of preterm labor
* relax uterine smooth muscle

A

TOCOLYTICS

205
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 2 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
TOCOLYTICS

A

Isoxsuprine (Duvadilan)
Ritodrine
Terbutaline

206
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 2 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
OFF LABEL tocolytic

A

Terbutaline

207
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

BETA 2 SELECTIVE AGONIST:
TOXIC EFFECTS

A
  • Hyppokalemia
  • Ventricular tachycardia (due to overdose – can activate BETA 1)
208
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

RELEASERS:
* has D/I with MAOI = increase NE = hypertensive crisis

209
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

RELEASERS:
* from Ma Huang

210
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

RELEASERS:
* alternative for ADHD

A

Amphetamine

211
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

RELEASERS

A

Tyramine
Ephedrine
Amphetamine
Metamphetamine
Modafinil
Methylphenidate
Phenmetrazine

TEAM MMP

212
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

RELEASERS:
shabu

A

Methamphetamine

213
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

RELEASERS:
1st line agent for narcolepsy

214
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

RELEASERS:
1st line agent for ADHD

A

Methylphenidate

215
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

RELEASERS:
anorexiant

A

Phenmetrazine

216
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

REUPTAKE INHIBITORS:
ONLY vasoconstrictor local anesthetic

217
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

REUPTAKE INHIBITORS

A

Cocaine
Atomoxetine
Sibutramine

CAS

218
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

REUPTAKE INHIBITORS:
alternative agent for ADHD

A

Atomoxetine

219
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

REUPTAKE INHIBITORS:
used in management of obesity, discontinued in the Philippines due to unnecessary cardiovascular risks to patients

A

Sibutramine

220
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

APPETITE SUPPRESSANT:
typically prescribed for SHORT-TERM weight loss

A

Phentermine

221
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

APPETITE SUPPRESSANT:
a FAT ABSORPTION inhibitor that helps with weight management

A

Orlistat (Xenical, Alli)

222
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

APPETITE SUPPRESSANT:
an injectable medication that regulates appetite and caloric intake

A

Liraglutide (Saxenda)

223
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

APPETITE SUPPRESSANT:
a combination drug that works on the brain’s hunger and reward centers to reduce appetite

A

Naltrexone-Bupropion
(Contrave)

224
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | MIXED ACTING

  • tx for nasal congestion
  • tx for hypotension
  • OTC appetite supressant, but was removed from the market due to hemorrhagic stroke in young women
A

Phenylpropanolamine

225
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | MIXED ACTING

why is Phenylpropanolamine removed from the market

A

due to hemorrhagic stroke in young women

226
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOMIMETICS | MIXED ACTING

used for hypotension

A

Mephentermine
Metaraminol

227
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

ANTAGONISTS

A

SYMPATHOLYTICS

228
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS

effect of SYMPATHOLYTICS

A

Parasympathetic effects

229
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOLYTICS | NONSELECTIVE ALPHA BLOCKERS

  • IRREVERSIBLE, NON-competitive
  • inhibit alpha receptor
    • used in PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA (tumor in adrenal medulla) – due to too much EPI
    • presurgical treatment
    • management of HTN crisis in inoperable tumor
  • inhibit histaminic receptor
    • used in MASTOCYTOSIS (too much muscle)
  • inhibit 5-HT receptor
    • used in CARCINOID SYNDROME (tumor found in enterochromaffin cell)
    • provide symptomatic release
A

PHENOXYBENZAMINE

230
Q

1st line agent for Carcinoid syndrome / Serotonin syndrome

A

Cyproheptadine

231
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOLYTICS | NONSELECTIVE ALPHA BLOCKERS

  • REVERSIBLE, COMPETITIVE
  • tx of sympathomimetic poisoning
  • management of pheochromocytoma
  • tx of Raynaud syndrome (digital necrotic due to extreme climate)
  • used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (safer bc locally injected)
A

PHENTOLAMINE

232
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOLYTICS | NONSELECTIVE ALPHA BLOCKERS

-zosins

A

ALPHA 1 SELECTIVE BLOCKERS

233
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOLYTICS | NONSELECTIVE ALPHA BLOCKERS

ALPHA 1 SELECTIVE BLOCKERS:
* Vasodilators - antihypertensives
* causes 1st dose phenomenon – Orthostatic hypotension
* Remedy: take drug at bedtime

A

Prazosins, Doxazosins, Terazosins

234
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOLYTICS | NONSELECTIVE ALPHA BLOCKERS

ALPHA 1 SELECTIVE BLOCKERS:
* used for BPH (enlargement of prostate)
* obstructed urine passage leading to significant urine retention

A

Finasteride, Dutasteride

235
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOLYTICS | NONSELECTIVE ALPHA BLOCKERS

ALPHA 1 SELECTIVE BLOCKER:
* symptomatic relief of urine retention

A

Tamsulosin, Alfuzosin

236
Q

SYMPATHETIC DRUGS | SYMPATHOLYTICS | NONSELECTIVE ALPHA BLOCKERS

ALPHA 2 BLOCKERS

A

Yohimbine
Rauwolscine

237
Q
  • beta 1 antagonism, mostly in the heart
  • decrease ionotropy, chronotropy, dromotropy
  • cardiac depression
A

BETA BLOCKERS
(-lol, -olol)

238
Q

BETA BLOCKERS

block beta 1, beta 2

A

NONSELECTIVE BETA BLOCKER

239
Q

BETA BLOCKERS

there is NO selective beta ____ blocker

240
Q

BETA BLOCKERS

beta 2 blockade

A

bronchoconstriction

241
Q

BETA BLOCKERS

Nadolol
Sotalol
Timolol
Propranolol
Carteolol
Carvedilol
Labetalol
Penbutolol
Pindolol

A

NONSELECTIVE BETA BLOCKER

242
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | NONSELECTIVE

beta blockers are what class in general

243
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | NONSELECTIVE

the ONLY class III beta blocker
anti arrhythmic

244
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | NONSELECTIVE

how many classes of beta blockers

245
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | NONSELECTIVE

Class I

A

Na channel

246
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | NONSELECTIVE

Class II

A

Beta channel

247
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | NONSELECTIVE

Class III

248
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | NONSELECTIVE

Class IV

A

Ca channel

249
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | NONSELECTIVE

antiglaucoma

250
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | NONSELECTIVE

prototype with brand Inderal

A

Propranolol

251
Q

BETA BLOCKERS

Celiprolol
Bisoprolol
Betaxolol
Esmolol
Acebutolol, Atenolol
Metoprolol
Nebivolol

A

BETA 1 SELECTIVE - CARDIO SELECTIVE

252
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | ADDITONAL MOA

  • beta 2 agonist
  • Carteolol, Celiprolol
  • Labetalol
  • Acetabulol
  • Pindolol, Penbutolo
A

INTRINSIC SYMPATHOMIMETIC ACTIVITY (ISA)

253
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | ADDITONAL MOA

INTRINSIC SYMPATHOMIMETIC ACTIVITY (ISA)

A

CLAP
Carteolol, Celiprolol
Labetolol
Acetabulol
Penbutolol, Pindolol

254
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | ADDITONAL MOA

  • local anesthesia
  • display risk in the eyes: corneal injury
  • Propanolol, Pindolol
  • Acetabulol
  • Labetalol
  • Metoprolol
A

MEMBRANE STABILIZERS

255
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | ADDITONAL MOA

MEMBRANE STABILIZERS

A

PALM
Pindolol, Propranolol
Acetabutolol
Labetalol
Metopolol

256
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | ADDITONAL MOA

VASODILATION:
through alpha 1 blockade

A

Carvedilol, Labetalol

257
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | ADDITONAL MOA

VASODILATION:
enhance nitric oxide level
MOST CARDIOSELECTIVE

258
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | USES

1st line agent for HTN patient with history of ____

A

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

259
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | USES

management of ____

A

angina pectoris
stable heart failure - by blocking renin

260
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | USES

drugs used for management of STABLE heart failure

A

Bisoprolol
Carvedilol
Metoprolol succinate
Nebivolol

261
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | USES

management of ____ EXCEPT Sotalol

A

arrhythmia

262
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | USES

for eye disorders

A

Timolol
Betaxolol

263
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | USES

ENDOCRINE D/O:
tx of sympathetic symptom of hyperthyroidism such as tachycardia – they inhibit peripheral conversion of T4 to T3

A

Propranolol
Carvedilol

264
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | USES

ENDOCRINE D/O:
can be sedating

A

Propranolol

265
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | USES

ENDOCRINE D/O:
less sedating

A

Carvedilol

266
Q

problem with hyperthyroidism

A

high levels of T3

267
Q

BETA BLOCKERS | USES

  • prophylaxis of migraine
  • tx of stage fright
  • symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal
  • used in infantile hemangiomas (birthmark)
A

PROPRANOLOL

268
Q

BETA BLOCKERS

TOXIC EFFECTS

A
  • bradycardia
  • mask hypoglycemic symptom (tachycardia)
  • bronchoconstriction
  • hyperlipidemia (by blocking b3)
269
Q

MAIN NT of Parasympathetic drugs

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

270
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

BIOSYNTHESIS:
active uptake of ____

271
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

BIOSYNTHESIS:
choline entry in ____

A

presynapse

272
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

BIOSYNTHESIS:
rate limiting step

A

active uptake of choline

273
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

BIOSYNTHESIS:
transporter

A

choline transporter

274
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

BIOSYNTHESIS:
choline transporter inhibitor

A

Hemicholinium

275
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

FORMATION:
combine with ____ from mitochondrion

A

acetyl CoA

276
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

FORMATION:
catalyzing enzyme

A

choline acetyl transferase

277
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

STORAGE:
entry to vesicles through ____

A

VAT: vesicle associated transporter

278
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

STORAGE:
VAT inhibitor

279
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

RELEASE:
exocytosis enhancer

A

a-latrotoxin

280
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

RELEASER:
exocytosis inhibitor

A

botulinumtoxin

281
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

TERMINATION:
enzyme for metabolism

A

acetylcholinesterase

282
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

TERMINATION:
hydrolyze Ach to chloine and acetate

283
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ACETYLCHOLINE

TERMINATION:
AChE is inhibited by

A

anticholinesterase

284
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOCEPTORS | MUSCARINIC

  • in the parietal cell
  • activate proton pump –> HCl production
  • ACIDITY
285
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOCEPTORS | MUSCARINIC

  • in the atria of the heart
  • bradycaria
286
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOCEPTORS | MUSCARINIC

  • in exocrine glands –> wetness: salivation, lacrimation, sweating
  • in smooth muscles –> contraction
    • EYES: ciliary –> near vision; circular muscles (in iris) –> miosis
    • BRONCHI: bronchoconstriction
    • GIT: bowel movement
    • URINARY BLADDER: urination
287
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOCEPTORS | NICOTINIC

  • ganglion –> synaptic neurotransmission
  • adrenal medulla –> EPI release
A

NICOTINIC Neural (N)

288
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOCEPTORS | NICOTINIC

NICOTINIC NEURAL:
synaptic neurotransmission

289
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOCEPTORS | NICOTINIC

NICOTINIC NEURAL:
EPI release

A

adrenal medulla

290
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOCEPTORS | NICOTINIC

  • neuromuscular end plates –> skeletal muscle contraction
A

NICOTINIC MUSCULAR (M)

291
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOCEPTORS | NICOTINIC

NICOTINIC MUSCULAR:
skeletal muscle contraction

A

neuromuscular end plates

292
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS

AGONIST

A

Cholinomimetics

293
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS

  • cholinoceptor activation: drug binding
A

DIRECT ACTING

294
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

CHOLINE ESTERS:
* ACTIVATE muscarinic and nicotinic receptor
* Acetylcholine
* Carbachol
* Methacholine

A

NONSELECTIVE

295
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

CHOLINE ESTERS:
NONSELECTIVE

A

Acetylcholine
Carbachol
Metacholine

ACM

296
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

CHOLINE ESTERS | NONSELECTIVE:
* bronchoconstrictor
* diagnostic agent in patient with suspected bronchial asthma: pulmonary challenge test

A

Methacholine

297
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

CHOLINE ESTERS:
* Bethanechol (Urecholine)

A

MUSCARINIC SELECTIVE

298
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

CHOLINE ESTERS | MUSCARINIC SELECTIVE:
* management in the tx of urine retention

A

Bethanechol (Urecholine)

299
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

ALKALOIDS:
nonselective

300
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

ALKALOIDS:
muscarinic selective

A

Muscarine
Pilocarpine

301
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

ALKALOIDS | MUSCARINIC SELECTIVE:
* for mgt of glaucoma
* for mgt of GI atony (no contraction)

A

PILOCARPINE

302
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

ALKALOIDS:
* for mgt of smoking cessation
* Nicotine
* Lobeline
* Varenicline

A

NICOTINIC SELECTIVE

303
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | DIRECT ACTING

ALAKLOIDS | NICOTINIC SELECTIVE:
* NOT FDA approved

304
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS

  • inhibit Ach metabolism = enhance ACh for action
  • aka anticholinesterase
A

INDIRECT acting

305
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

  • SAFE
  • Aminoalcohol
  • Carbamates
A

REVERSIBLE

306
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

REVERSIBLE:
aminoalcohol

A

Edrophonium (Tensilon)

307
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

REVERSIBLE:
carbamates

A

Physostigmine/Eserine
Pyridostigmine
Neostigmine
Ambenonium
Demecarium

308
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

REVERSIBLE | CARBAMATES:
BRAND NAME of Physostigmine

309
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

ORGANOPHOSPHATES

A

IRREVERSIBLE

310
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

IRREVERSIBLE:
Agricultural poision (Insecticides)

A

Malathion, Parathion

311
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

IRREVERSIBLE:
nerve gases

A

Soman
Tabbun
Sarin

312
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

IRREVERSIBLE:
ONLY clinically useful

A

Echothiophate

313
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT ACTING

Tacrine
Donepezil
Galantamine
Rivastigmine

A

CNS acting

314
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

management for ____

A

alzheimer’s disease
myasthenia gravis

315
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE:
* abnormal protein fragments (beta-amyloid) accumulate between nerve cells, disrupting communication and triggering inflammation

A

BETA AMYLOID PLAQUES

316
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE:
* Tau protein inside neurons becomes defective, forming tangles that block nutrient transport, leading to cell death

A

NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES

317
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE:
* progressive loss of neurons, particularly in the hippocampus and cortex, results in memory loss and cognitive decline

A

NEURONAL DAMAGE & BRAIN SHRINKAGE

318
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE:
general effect

319
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE:
treatment

A

CNS acting cholinergics –> increase ACh effects

320
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

  • a neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatiguability –> progressive muscle weakness
  • an autoimmune disorder ibn which weakness is caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction
  • SYMPTOM: Ptosis of the left eye (drooping eyelids)
  • DIAGNOSIS: Edrophonium (Tensilon test)
  • TREATMENT: Carbamates
A

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

321
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS:
symptom

A

ptosis of the left eye
(drooping eyelids)

322
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS:
diagnosis

A

Edrophonium (Tensilon test(

323
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS:
treatment

A

carbamates

324
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

management for glaucoma; lower IOP

A

Echothiophate
Demecarium

325
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

GI atony

A

Physostigmine

326
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

ANTIDOTES:
* for Atropine poisoning
* can enter the brain targeting both central & peripheral

A

PHYSOSTIGMINE

327
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

ANTIDOTES:
* for other anticholinergic poisoning

A

NEOSTIGMINE

328
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT | CLINICAL USE

ANTIDOTES:
* for NMB toxicity

A

Edrophonium + Neostigmine

329
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT

TOXIC EFFECTS

A

DUMBBELSS
diarrhea, urination, miosis, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, emesis, lacrimation salivation, sweating

330
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT

TREATMENT FOR TOXIC EFFECTS:
Early (short)

A

cholinesterase activators
Pralidoxime
Diacetylmonoxime

331
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOMIMETICS | INDIRECT

TREATMENT FOR TOXIC EFFECTS:
Late (long)

A

anticholinergic
Atropine

332
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS

ANTAGONISTS

A

CHOLINOLYTICS

333
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS

ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERGIC:
prototype

334
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

pharmacologic effects of ATROPINE

A

sympathetic effect

335
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

PERIPHERAL EFFECTS:
M1 blockade

A

inhibit HCl production

336
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

PERIPHERAL EFFECTS:
M2 blockade

A

tachycardia

337
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

PERIPHERAL EFFECTS | M3 blockade:
EXOCRINE GLANDS

A

DRYNESS - xerostomia, anhidrosis, hyperthermia, erythema

338
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

PERIPHERAL EFFECTS | M3 blockade:
SMOOTH MUSCLES

A

relaxation

339
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

PERIPHERAL EFFECTS | M3 blockade:
EYES: ciliary

A

cycloplegia

340
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

PERIPHERAL EFFECTS | M3 blockade:
EYES: muscles

341
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

PERIPHERAL EFFECTS | M3 blockade:
bronchi

A

bronchodilation

342
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

PERIPHERAL EFFECTS | M3 blockade:
GIT

343
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

PERIPHERAL EFFECTS M3 blockade:
urinary bladder

344
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

  • tx for symptomatic BRADYCARDIA
  • tx of CHOLINOMIMETIC poisoning
  • given with diphenoxylate as antidiarrheal
  • adjunct treatment for parkinsonism
  • antispasmodic
345
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

ATROPINE is given with ____ as antidiarrheal to lessen addiciton

A

diphenoxylate

346
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

CNS ACTING:
* mgt of extrapyrimidal syndrome (SE of antipsychotics)
* mgt of parkinsonism

A

Benztropine
Biperiden
Trihexyphenidyl

BBT

347
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

CNS ACTING:
* used in the tx of motion sickness

A

scopalamine

348
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

EYE ACTING:
* for eye exam

A

Mydriatics

349
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

EYE ACTING:
* tx of pain during eye injury
* Homatropine
* Anistropine
* Cyclopentolate

A

Cyloplegics

350
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

bronchi acting cholinergics causes

A

relaxation (dilation)

351
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

BRONCHI ACTING:
SHORT acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA)

A

Ipratropium
Oxytropium

352
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

BRONCHI ACTING:
LONG acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)

A

Tiotropium

353
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

GASTRIC GLAND ACTING:
* mgt of hyperacidity

A

Pirenzepine
Telenzepine

354
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | CHOLINOLYTICS | ANTIMUSCARINIC/ANTICHOLINERG

GIT & URINARY BLADDER ACTING:
* for mgt of urine incontinence, hypermotility

A

Methscopalamine
Glycopyrolate
HNBB
Dicycloverine
Oxybutinin
Scopalamine

355
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC

  • Ganglionic blockers
  • obsolete antihypertensive
  • Hexamethonium, Trimethaphan, Mecamylamine
A

NN blockers

356
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC

NN blockers

A

Hexamethonium
Trimethaphan
Mecamylamine

357
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC

  • skeletal muscle relaxants
  • used as anesthetic adjunt to relax skeletal muscles prior surgery
  • tx of spastic disorders such as spastic cerebral palsy
  • to facilitate endotracheal intubation
  • in tetanus to reduce muscle spasms
A

NM blockers

358
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKERS

MOA: irreversible NM receptor activation producing
* INITIAL effect: depolarization and overstimulation of NM receptor
* FINAL effect: desensitization = relaxation

A

DEPOLARIZING / IRREVERSIBLE / NONCOMPETITIVE

359
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKERS

DEPOLARIZING / IRREVERSIBLE / NONCOMPETITIVE:
INITIAL effect

A

depolarization & overstimulation of NM receptor

360
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKERS

DEPOLARIZING / IRREVERSIBLE / NONCOMPETITIVE:
INITIAL: agonist binds to the receptor causing depolarization of the membrane and will result to initial discharge causing ____ followed by flaccid paralysis

A

fasciculations

361
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKERS

DEPOLARIZATION / IRREVERSIBLE / NONCOMPETITIVE:
* slow dissociation of the agonist
* agonist remains bound to the receptor
* membrane repolarizes but receptor is desensitized to the effect of ACh

A

FINAL EFFECT

362
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKERS | DEPOLARIZING

  • MOST PREFERRED
  • duration of action is extremely short since it is rapidly degraded by plasma cholinesterase
  • DOA: 3-5mins, given by IV infusion
  • less likely to cause toxicity – paralyzing effect on respiratory muscle easil wears off upon termination of the infusion
  • preferred in surgical anesthesia
A

SUCCINYLCHOLINE

363
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKERS | DEPOLARIZING

SUCCINYLCHOLINE:
DOA

364
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKERS | DEPOLARIZING

SUCCINYLCHOLINE:
given by

A

IV infusion

365
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKERS | DEPOLARIZING

SUCCINYLCHOLINE:
order of paralysis

A
  1. Fasciculations in chest & abdomen
  2. Neck, arms, legs
  3. Facial, pharynx, larynx
  4. Respiratory muscles
366
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKERS | DEPOLARIZING

TOO LONG duration of action

A

Decamethonium

367
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKERS | DEPOLARIZING

Action is shorter than decamethonium since it is rapidly metabolized by cholinesterase

A

Suxamethonium

368
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKERS

  • SAFER
  • with ACh at the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction
  • NO muscle contraction
  • curare derivatives
  • MOA: block NM receptors = immediate relaxation = paralysis
A

NONDEPOLARIZING / REVERSIBLE / COMPETITIVE

antagonist

369
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKER | NONDEPOLARIZING

ISOQUINOLINE

370
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKER | NONDEPOLARIZING

STEROIDAL

371
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKER |TOXIC EFFECTS

GENERAL

A

skin wheals
transient hypotension
tachy brady
respiratory/diaphragmatic paralysis

372
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKER |TOXIC EFFECTS

SUCCINYLCHOLINE

A

myalgia, myositis
rhabdomyolysis
malignant hypothermia

373
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKER |TOXIC EFFECTS

TUBOCURARINE

A

increase degranulation leading to anaphylactoid reaction

374
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKER |TOXIC EFFECTS

TUBOCURARINE TOXICITY:
treatment

A

Epinephrine

375
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKER | REVERSAL

  • increasing the availability of ACh at the motor end plate, mainly by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
  • to a lesser extent, these cholinesterase inhibitors also increase the release of this transmitter from the motor nerve terminal
A

NEOSTIGMINE & PYRIDOSTIGMINE

376
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKER | REVERSAL

  • antagonizes NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE purely by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity
A

EDROPHONIUM

377
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC DRUGS | ANTINICOTINIC | NM BLOCKER | REVERSAL

  • for RAPID REVERSAL of the steroid neuromuscular blocking agents – rocuronium & vecuronium
  • binds ti plasma rocuronium to decrease its free plasma concentration and diffuse away from the neuromuscular junction
A

SUGAMMADEX

PCOL (10 decks)

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