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CC2 LAB > M4 > Flashcards

M4 Flashcards

1
Q

a machine that can measure the oxygen-carrying
capacity of Hb in a specimen. It directly measures all the Hb species in the blood.

A

Co-oximeter or blood gas analyzer

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2
Q

Co-oximeter or ___

A

blood gas analyzer

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3
Q

The sample injected into the blood gas analyzer is pumped/pushed
into the ____

A

measuring cuvette.

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4
Q

Once the whole blood is in the cuvette, the RBCs are _____

A

hemolyzed

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5
Q

____, present in the reagent, is used to lyze RBCs.

A

Acid

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6
Q

The co-oximetry test is ___the measurement of

A

after , oxygen saturation

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7
Q

reduced form of Hb

A

HHb

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8
Q

product of the binding/complexing of oxygen to Hb

A

O2hb

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9
Q
  • together comprise less than 2-3% of total Hb
A

dyshemoglobins

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10
Q

2 types of dyshemoglobins

A

Methb and Cohb

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11
Q

methemoglobin in the form of ____

A

metalloprotein.

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12
Q

Iron (Hb)

A

ferrous state

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13
Q

Iron (MetHb)

A

Ferric state

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14
Q

occurs if there is chronic or longterm
exposure/accumulation of drugs containing sulfur or chemicals such as
hydrogen sulfide

A

SulfHb

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15
Q

Hb leaving the lungs & throughout the arteries

A

95-98% O2Hb, 2-
5%HHb

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16
Q

 Hb leaving the capillaries and throughout the vein (after delivery of
oxygen)

A

70% O2Hb, 30%
HHb

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17
Q

 Hb leaving the capillaries and throughout the vein (after delivery of
oxygen)

A

70% O2Hb, 30%
HHb

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18
Q

 control sequencing of multiple wavelengths of lights hat passes
through the sample

A

Microprocessors

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19
Q

Measures O2 saturation levels along with heart (pulse) rate

A

PULSE OXIMETER

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19
Q

 reflect patient’s true status value.

A

Measured O2Hb

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20
Q

 The absorption of light is____L to the amount of blood between
the microprocessor/electronic processor/transmitter and photodetector/photocell.

A

DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL

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21
Q

other name for microprocessor

A

electronic processor/transmitter

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22
Q

other name for photodetector

A

photocell.

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23
Q

The percentage of oxygen saturation measured by the pulse oximeter in healthy
individuals is between ___

A

95-100%

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24
Q

These sensors compare how much___ and ___is absorbed by the blood.

A

red light and infrared
light

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25
Q

red light

A

660 nm

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26
Q

infrared

A

940 nm

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27
Q

The measurement of oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is through
___

A

spectrophotometry

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28
Q

red diode

A

reduced Hb

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29
Q

infrared

A

oxyhb

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30
Q

 Deoxygenated blood

A

= reduced hemoglobin = more absorption and
sensor on red light diode

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31
Q

Oxygenated blood =

A

absorption is on infrared light or region

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32
Q

___ are also used in electrophoresis

A

 Electrodes

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33
Q

 The purpose of the two electrodes is to serve as sensing device
(sensors) to measure ___

A

partial oxygen pressure (pO2), pCO2, and pH.

34
Q

 Negatively-charged electrode.
 Purpose: site at which reduction occurs.
 Cations move toward this.

35
Q

Potentiometric:

A

pCO2 and pH

36
Q

Amperometric:

37
Q

 Positively-charged electrode.
 Purpose: Site where oxidation occurs.
 Anions move/flow toward the anode.

38
Q

____ is formed when there are two opposite electrodes
immersed in a liquid. The liquid serves as the conductor of the current.

A

Electrochemical cell

39
Q

Reference
electrode : pH

A

 Calomel [Hg-HgCl] - used because it is less toxic.
 Ag-AgCl half-cell

40
Q

 Measures hydrogen ions

41
Q

Kept from protein buildup. Since proteins are negatively charged, they
can cause error in reading.

42
Q

modified
pH electrode

A

Severinghaus
electrode

43
Q

 Located at the tip of the Clark electrode.
 Purpose: it filters/selectively chooses/allows the oxygen to
diffuse into the electrolyte and to contact the cathode

A

Gas permeable
membrane covering

44
Q

Typically, ____ V is applied between the anode and cathode.
There is a need to apply this voltage so that there will be
movement of oxygen.

45
Q

 Placed between the anode and cathode.

A

Microammeter

46
Q

Purpose: measures the movement of electrons (measures the amount of electric
current)

A

Microammeter

47
Q

 Purpose: gives us the ability to continuously measure the amount of pO2. This is allowed
to come in contact with the individual’s skin.

A

TC electrodes

48
Q

used since beginning (of the clinical measurement of blood gases)
 There have been modifications to simplify the test, their use, and to
minimize the required sample volume and maintenance

A

Macroelectrodes

49
Q

miniature macroelectrodes - only a small sample will be required.

A

Microelectrodes

50
Q

 Sensors are reduced to tiny wires embedded in a printed circuit card

A

Thick and Thin
Film Technology

51
Q

Purpose of modification:

A

to reduce required sample volume

52
Q

o Special card has ____ to separate the components.

A

etched grooves

53
Q

The special paste material is ____ the sensor while the
special card is only located ___

A

spread over,at one end.

54
Q

Advantages of thick and thin film technology:

A
  1. Disposable
  2. Less expensive
  3. Less maintenance
55
Q

 Certain fluorescent dyes → react predictably with specific
chemicals___

A

(O2, CO2, H)

56
Q

 Certain fluorescent dyes → react predictably with specific
chemicals (O2, CO2, H)

A

Optical Sensors

57
Q

 Separated from the sample by a membrane: ___

A

INCREASE or
QUENCHING of fluorescence

58
Q

Quenching is any process wherein the fluorescent intensity
____

A

decreases.

59
Q

Primary purpose of measurement is to _____

A

assess oxygen transport from the lungs

60
Q

Stabilize ___ status prior to blood sample collection

A

patient’s ventilation

61
Q

Cells consume oxygen. If analysis is prolonged/ delayed, O2 saturation
results will falsely decrease.

A

 Analyze ASAP -

62
Q

The angle for venipuncture is 15-30 degrees. For arterial puncture, the
angle is almost at ____because arteries are located deeper
than the veins.

A

45 degrees

63
Q

Choice of site

A

Radial artery
Brachial artery
Femoral artery
Temporal artery

64
Q

Arterial Samples

A

pH and blood gas studies

65
Q

Peripheral
venous samples

A

pulmonary function or O2 transport is not being assessed

66
Q

Capillary blood

A

pH and pCO2

67
Q

This is permanent while the patient is admitted.

A

Indwelling
arterial line

68
Q

__: open the line, collect few mL of blood, discard,
the next blood collected is used as sample for blood gas analysis

A

Flushing procedure

69
Q

If storage is unavoidable, store the sample at room temperature for ___ (if plastic syringe) - Avoid cooling of samples when kept in plastic

A

maximum of 30
minutes

70
Q

____ is more recommended since if liquid heparin was
used and was excessive, it can dilute the sample

A

 Dried/lyophilized

71
Q

The blood supply to hand normally comes from two arteries: the radial artery and the ulnar
artery. Before drawing blood for an arterial blood gas test, make sure that both arteries are
open and working correctly.

A

ALLEN’S TEST

72
Q

Locate the patient’s ulnar and radial arteries. Ask the patient to
make a tight fist for about ___

A

30 seconds.

73
Q

Obstruct the blood flow by pressing down on the ____using the two fingers of each hand.

A

ulnar and radial
arteries at the same time

74
Q

Tell the patient to unclench the fist. The color of palm should be
____ because there is no blood flow towards that area. If the color
is red, the obstructing of the two arteries was unsuccessful. Repeat
from the start

75
Q

 The pKa of the bicarbonate buffer system at body temperature is 6.1.

76
Q

ctCO2 (total
CO2 content)

A

bicarbonate + dCO2 + associated CO2

77
Q

 to assess the non-respiratory component of a patient’s acid-base
disorder

A

base excess

78
Q

due to excess of bicarbonate or a relative deficit of
non-carbonic acid; suggestive of non-respiratory ALKALOSIS

A

Positive value

79
Q

due to excess of non-carbonic acid or a relative
deficit of bicarbonate; suggestive of non-respiratory ACIDOSIS

A

Negative value

80
Q

pH

A

pH 7.35-7.45

81
Q

pCO2

A

35-45 mmHg

82
Q

pO2

A

80-100 mmHg

83
Q

HCO3-

A

22-26 mEq/L

CC2 LAB (2 decks)

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