M3-M6 Flashcards

1
Q

a single and unadjusted determination of linear and angular values

A

observation

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2
Q

-entails the entire process of obtaining a desired quantity including preparation, matching, comparing, pointing

A

measurement

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3
Q

direct or indirect process of determining the extend, size, or dimension of a quantity in comparison to a given standard.

A

measurement

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4
Q

numerical values for random variable that are subject to statistical fluctuations

A

measurement

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5
Q

an entire process of btaining a value including _ _ _ _

A

measurement
preparing, pointing, matching, comparing

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6
Q

an inherent quality of physical properties attributed to observational errosrs

A

statistical variations

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7
Q

quotation that was mentioned

A

“no exact or true value is ever possible and the value of a measured quantity is never known”

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8
Q

Correct conversion across different units of linear
(distances, areas, volumes) and angular quantities is
also imperative to _

A

maintain the accuracy of measurements.

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9
Q

in _ philippines adopted the metric system or SI (international system) where all linear measurements are based on _

A

1983, meters

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10
Q

In the Philippines, angular measurements are expressed
using the _
explain

A

sexagesimal system
circle=360 degrees
1 degree= 60’=3600”
1’=60”

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11
Q

the negative of error correction

A

correction

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12
Q

the difference between the measured or calculated value of a quantity and the given or established true value of that quantity

A

errors

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13
Q

(source of error)
caused by a natural ohenomena such as magnetic declination, temp and refraction

A

natural

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14
Q

(source of error)
impurities bt the instrument from construction and improper adjustment

A

instrumental

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15
Q

(source of error)
caused by the limitation in sense of sight, hearing and touch

A

personal

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16
Q

-produced by irregular causes that are beyond the control of observer

A

accidental/random

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17
Q

-physical and natural conditions that vary in accordance with known physical or mathematical law

A

cumulative/systematic

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18
Q

-actually not error because it is usually so gross in magnitude to compared to the other types of errors

A

mistake/blunders

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19
Q

give 5 common mistakes or blunders

A

-sighting the wrong target
-reading the scale backwards
-misplacing a decimal point
-incorrect recording of field work
-transposition of figures

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20
Q

common cumulative or systematic errors

A

-personal biases of the observer
-equipment out of calibration
-use of incorrect units (ft instead of m)

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21
Q

degree of refinement and consistent

A

precision

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22
Q

how close the value to the standard or “true value

A

accuracy

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23
Q

formula of sample mean or most probable value

A

a1+ a2+ a3 …/n

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24
Q

most familiar measure of central tendency
affected by the value of every observation (extremely low)
may not be an actual number

A

mean or mpv

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25
Q

positional middle in an arrange data set

A

median

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26
Q

affected by the position of each item but not the value
a stable measurement of central tendency

A

median

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27
Q

value that occurs frequently

A

mode

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28
Q

may not exist
easiest to compute
not affected by extreme value

A

mode

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29
Q

total spread of the sample
what is its formula

A

range
max-min or largest-smallest value

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30
Q

parameter of dispersion or spread
what is its formula

A

variance
s^2= (a1-mean)^2+(a2-mean)2+…./n-1

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31
Q

defined as the positive square root of the variance
what is its formula

A

standard deviation
s=sqare root of (a1-mean)^2 + (a2-mean)^2+…/n-1

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32
Q

refers to the ratio of error to the measure or estimated value

A

relative error

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33
Q

ratio between the total error and total length of the survery

A

ratio of misclosure

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34
Q

sometime called the deviation
the difference between any measure value to the mean or mpv
what is its formula

A

residual
v=x-mean or mpv

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35
Q

a quantity which when added or subtracted to the mpvs defines a range
has 2 types
what are their formulas

A

probable error
probable error of a single measument of a series= +-0.06745square root of squared summation of residual /n-1
probable error of a mean= 0.06745 square root of squared summation of residual/ n(n-1)

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36
Q

expressed in fraction and numerator is reduced to 1

A

relative error

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37
Q

arithmetic mean of largest and smallest obervations
what is its formula

A

midrange
max-min/2

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38
Q

distance between 2 points on a 3d space

A

spatial distance

39
Q

linear distance between two points on a horizontal surface

A

horizonatl distance

40
Q

what are the 3 factores to be considered when choosing a method on determing a horizonatl distnace

A

cost involve
pupose
accuracy

41
Q

8 methods and instruments for determing horizontal distance

A

pacing, taping, mechanical devises, tacheometry, graphical and mathematical methods, ed, global navigation system, photogrammetry

42
Q

(methods in determining the horizontal distance)
counting the steps or paces in a required distance
relative precision is 1:200-1:100

A

pacing\

43
Q

what is the length of step when walking from toe to toe or heel to heel

A

pace

44
Q

two paces o double step

A

stride

45
Q

how to calibrate one’s pace? 3 steps

A

walk in a uniform pace at a known length
count the number of pace to cover the whole stretch
compute the pace factor in m/pace

46
Q

7 factors affecting the length of pace

A

speed of pacing
physical preparedness and fatigue of pacer
weight of clothes and shoes
age and sex of the pacer
roughness and evenness of the ground
direction of pacing
slope of the terrain

47
Q

commonly used to measure horizontal distances that involves direct measurement using steel tape

A

taping

48
Q

a steel ribbon that is 0.5-1cm in width and 0.8-1.5kg per 30m
used for most conventional measurements

A

steel tape

49
Q

(taping operations)
measurement of shorter distances and summed to get the total length

A

breaking tapes

50
Q

(taping operations)
tape measurement that is directly along the slopes when the ground has uniform inclination

A

slope taping

51
Q

when a line is measured w TOO LONG tape, correction is _

A

add

52
Q

when a line is laid out w TOO LONG tape, correction is _

A

subtract

53
Q

when a line is measured w TOO SHORT, correction is _

A

subtract

54
Q

when a line is laid out w TOO SHORT, correcrtion is _

A

add

55
Q

4 mechanical devices

A

pedometer
measuring wheel
odometer mileage recorder
optical rangefinder

56
Q

an indirect method of measuring horizontal distances. it uses the optical geometry of the instrument

A

tacheometry

57
Q

uses a telescope to measure horizontal distances w thwo horizontal cross hairs

A

stadia method

58
Q

formula of distance usikng stadia method

A

d=ks+c
k is usually 100
s is ur-lr
c is a constant, if none given 0

59
Q

measuring images on a photograph
uses scale to obtain ground distances

A

photogrammetry

60
Q

formula of the scale in photogrammetry

A

image distance / ground distance

61
Q

fixing of satellites to determine the position of points
requires minimum of 4 satellites
distance is determined through the position of points

A

global navigation satellite system

62
Q

measurement of distance is based on the invariant speed of light

A

edm

63
Q

curved surface every element of which is normal

A

surface level

64
Q

a line directly toward the earth’s center of gravity

A

plumbline

65
Q

a direction away from the earth’s center and above the observer’s head

A

zenith

66
Q

a direction towars the center of the earth

A

nadir

67
Q

plane tangent to a level surface at a particular point

A

horizontal plane

68
Q

a line tangent to a level surface

A

horizontal line

69
Q

angle formed by an intersection in a horizontal plane

A

horizontal angle

70
Q

angle between the intersecting lines in a vertical plane

A

vertical angle

71
Q

a line perpendicular to a horizontal plane

A

vertical line

72
Q

3 components of an angle

A

reference line
magnitude of angle
direction of angle

73
Q

fixed line of reference for determining the direction of lines

A

meridian

74
Q

4 types of meridian

A

true, magnetic, assumed, grid

75
Q

(type of meridian)
north-south line of passing through the geographic poles of erath

A

true meridian \

76
Q

(type of meridian)
parallel to the magnetic lines of the earth and indicated through the used of compass

A

magnetic meridian

77
Q

(type of meridian)
line parallel to the central true meridian

A

grid meridian

78
Q

(type of meridian)
arbitrary chosen for convenience

A

asummed meridian

79
Q

4 units for measuring angles

A

dms (sexagesimal)
radians
g c cc grad
mils

80
Q

(units for measuring angles)
the circumference of the circle is divided into 360 parts

A

dms or sexagesimal

81
Q

(units for measuring angles)
the circumference of the circle is equal to 2 pi

A

rad radians

82
Q

(units for measuring angles)
the circumference of the circle is divided into 400 parts

A

g c cc grad

83
Q

(units for measuring angles)
the circumference of the circle is divided into 6400 parts

A

mils

84
Q

direction of any line w respect to a given meridian (n or s)

A

bearing

85
Q

direction as given by the angle between meridian (s and n)
measure in clockwise direction

A

azimuth

86
Q

angles between adjacent lines inside the triangle

A

interior angle

87
Q

angles between a line and the prolongation of the preceding line

A

deflection angle

88
Q

(type of angle )
measured clockwise from the preceding line

A

angle to the right

89
Q

angle between the true meridian and magnetic meridian

A

magnetic declination

90
Q

the use of land surveying techniques to determine the size, shape and location of a land
the end goal is to provide reliable survey plan and technical description

A

property surveying

91
Q

best proof of ownership for a piece of land

A

certificate title or land titles

92
Q

in ph, we use _ for lang registration
sometimes called the

A

torrens system
torrens certificate of title

93
Q

4 kinds of titles

A

original ct
tranfer ct
condominium ct
free patent

94
Q

other infos found in the land title (4)

A

name, address and civil status of registered owner
name of geodetic engr who surveyed the property
date and time of registration
succeeding pages for encumbrances