M3-M6 Flashcards
a single and unadjusted determination of linear and angular values
observation
-entails the entire process of obtaining a desired quantity including preparation, matching, comparing, pointing
measurement
direct or indirect process of determining the extend, size, or dimension of a quantity in comparison to a given standard.
measurement
numerical values for random variable that are subject to statistical fluctuations
measurement
an entire process of btaining a value including _ _ _ _
measurement
preparing, pointing, matching, comparing
an inherent quality of physical properties attributed to observational errosrs
statistical variations
quotation that was mentioned
“no exact or true value is ever possible and the value of a measured quantity is never known”
Correct conversion across different units of linear
(distances, areas, volumes) and angular quantities is
also imperative to _
maintain the accuracy of measurements.
in _ philippines adopted the metric system or SI (international system) where all linear measurements are based on _
1983, meters
In the Philippines, angular measurements are expressed
using the _
explain
sexagesimal system
circle=360 degrees
1 degree= 60’=3600”
1’=60”
the negative of error correction
correction
the difference between the measured or calculated value of a quantity and the given or established true value of that quantity
errors
(source of error)
caused by a natural ohenomena such as magnetic declination, temp and refraction
natural
(source of error)
impurities bt the instrument from construction and improper adjustment
instrumental
(source of error)
caused by the limitation in sense of sight, hearing and touch
personal
-produced by irregular causes that are beyond the control of observer
accidental/random
-physical and natural conditions that vary in accordance with known physical or mathematical law
cumulative/systematic
-actually not error because it is usually so gross in magnitude to compared to the other types of errors
mistake/blunders
give 5 common mistakes or blunders
-sighting the wrong target
-reading the scale backwards
-misplacing a decimal point
-incorrect recording of field work
-transposition of figures
common cumulative or systematic errors
-personal biases of the observer
-equipment out of calibration
-use of incorrect units (ft instead of m)
degree of refinement and consistent
precision
how close the value to the standard or “true value
accuracy
formula of sample mean or most probable value
a1+ a2+ a3 …/n
most familiar measure of central tendency
affected by the value of every observation (extremely low)
may not be an actual number
mean or mpv
positional middle in an arrange data set
median
affected by the position of each item but not the value
a stable measurement of central tendency
median
value that occurs frequently
mode
may not exist
easiest to compute
not affected by extreme value
mode
total spread of the sample
what is its formula
range
max-min or largest-smallest value
parameter of dispersion or spread
what is its formula
variance
s^2= (a1-mean)^2+(a2-mean)2+…./n-1
defined as the positive square root of the variance
what is its formula
standard deviation
s=sqare root of (a1-mean)^2 + (a2-mean)^2+…/n-1
refers to the ratio of error to the measure or estimated value
relative error
ratio between the total error and total length of the survery
ratio of misclosure
sometime called the deviation
the difference between any measure value to the mean or mpv
what is its formula
residual
v=x-mean or mpv
a quantity which when added or subtracted to the mpvs defines a range
has 2 types
what are their formulas
probable error
probable error of a single measument of a series= +-0.06745square root of squared summation of residual /n-1
probable error of a mean= 0.06745 square root of squared summation of residual/ n(n-1)
expressed in fraction and numerator is reduced to 1
relative error
arithmetic mean of largest and smallest obervations
what is its formula
midrange
max-min/2