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Molecular biology > M3 GENOMES > Flashcards

M3 GENOMES Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a genome?

A

A genome is the complete set of DNA molecules possessed by an organism

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2
Q

How many origin of replication do BACTERIA contain?

A

1

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3
Q

How many org8isins of REPLICATION do eukaryotic cells contain?

A

Multiple

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4
Q

How many base pairs is the human genome made of?

A

3200 Million base pairs (Mb)

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5
Q

In how many linear molecules is the human GENOME split into?

A

24

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6
Q

How may base pairs is the SHORTEST linear DNA molecule?

A

48 Mb

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7
Q

How many base pairs is the longest DNA linear molecules in human?

A

250 Mb

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8
Q

How many base pairs is E.coli DNA?

A

4.64 Mb

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9
Q

Where does replication generally begin?

A

At ORIGIN of replication

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10
Q

How is replication INITIATED in E.coli and Humans?

A
  • DnaA protein binds to DNA close to origin of replication point
  • DNA then avvolges/surrounds DnaA protein, causing stretching at origin hence breaking of base pairs
  • DNA origin is AT rich which allows easier separation of the strands
  • Dna B protein binds to exposed strands, forming PREPRIMERS region
  • DnaB is a helicase which breaks more base pairs moving replication fork forwards
  • PRIMASE then binds do DNA forming rna primers
  • which will eventually start replication
  • and then each even occurs in a different way at replication fork in E.coli and Humans
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11
Q

DNA in E.coli is circular and replication from origin of replication occurs in both ways, what prevents replication going in circles?

A

TERMINATING sequences that allow binding of TUS proteins

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12
Q

What feature of the protein involved in termination of replication ensures that it is not continued in circle in E.coli?

A
  • Tus protein have a permissive and non permissive side, which prevent the furthering of the replication fork.
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13
Q

How does DNA in human terminate?

A
  • replication forks just merge into each other, stopping each other as human DNA is linear.
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14
Q

In HUMAN DNA how much does DNA each replication fork copy>

A

150 Kb

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15
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA + protein histones

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16
Q

What type of histones protein is the chromatin structure made out of?

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

17
Q

What does a nucleosome consist of?

A
  • Nucleosomes consist of 1 DNA lenght coiled around a histone
  • Each nucleosome consists of 8 histone proteins
  • 2 of each: H2A, H2B, H3, H4
  • nucleosomes are linked together by Linker DNA
  • Linker DNA is supported by histone proteins H1 which also links each nucleosome together
18
Q

What is essentially the job of histone protein and 30 nm fibres?

A

to reduce size/lenght of the DNA

19
Q

What do 30 nm fibres do to DNA?

A

They futher reduce size of DNA,.

The 30nm fibre is the DNA in its interphase state. The DNA is wrapped around the histone complex and then is twisted into a solenoid structure, the 30 nm fibre

20
Q

What are the 3 levels that DNA in chromatin is arranged in?

A
  • DNA wraps around histone proteins, forming nucleosomes and the so-called beads on a string structure
  • Multiple histones wrap into a 30- nanometer fiber consisting of nucleosome arrays in their most compact form
  • Higher-level DNA supercoiling of the 30-nm fiber produces the metaphase chromosome (during mitosis and meiosis).
21
Q

What is Euchromatin?

A

Euchromatin = (light areas) ,contains active genes probably as 30 nm fibre

22
Q

What is heterochromatin and what does it subdivide into?

A

-contains inactive genes more densely packed shown by the fact is darker in the picture

Heterochromatin subdivides in:
* Constitutive heterochromatin contains DNA that is always tightly packed - in all cells
* Facultative heterochromatin contains DNA that is tightly packed only in some cells, meaning that in some cells heterochromatin can be used to transcribe

23
Q

Which is normally transcribed Euchromatin or heterochromatin?

A

Euchromatin as it contains active genes

Molecular biology (10 decks)

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