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botany > M3: Cell Structure > Flashcards

M3: Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Plant cells consist of a box-like cell wall surrounding a mass of _

A

protoplasm

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2
Q

The protoplasm contains organelles, such as

A

Nuclei
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

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3
Q

The physical framework within which a plant’s metabolism occurs.

A

Cells

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4
Q

They regulate the passage of molecules into and out of cells and organelles.

They divide the cell into numerous compartments, each with its own specialized function.

They act as surfaces that hold enzymes.

A

Membranes

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5
Q

Biological membranes are composed of_ and a _ bilayer.

A

proteins

phospholipid bilayer

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6
Q

_ proteins are at least partially immersed in the lipid bilayer.

A

Intrinsic

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7
Q

_ proteins are located outside the membrane.

A

Extrinsic

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8
Q

• In the fluid _ _, some proteins diffuse laterally and others are bound to adjacent proteins.
• Oligosaccharides can be bound to intrinsic proteins, converting them into _.

A

mosaic membrane

glycoproteins

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9
Q

• _ —additional membrane molecules can be incorporated into existing membranes

A

Growth

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10
Q

Transport of material
• _—membrane “bubbles” that can carry materials with the cytoplasm

_ and _

A

Vesicles

Exocytosis and endocytosis

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11
Q

• _ -all biological membranes are selectively permeable.
Allows for compartmentalization

A

Permeability

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12
Q

• _ -constantly changing in response to age and environment

A

Dynamic

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13
Q

● _ are more permeable to hydrophobic substances than anything carrying an electric charge.

A

Membranes

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14
Q

● Movement of charged substances is assisted by large intrinsic proteins that span the membrane.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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15
Q

● Molecular pumps bind to a molecule on one side of the membrane, change shape, and release the molecule on the other side—requires energy.

A

Active transport

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16
Q

Structurally more simple than eukaryotic cells.

They are found in domains Bacteria and Archaea.

A

Prokaryotic

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17
Q

Contain a membrane bound nucleus and organelles.
They are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

A

Eukaryotic

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18
Q

A mass of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and water within a cell Includes organelles but not the cell wall

A

Protoplasm

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19
Q

The selectively permeable membrane that covers the protoplasm

Located inside of the cell wall

A

Plasma membrane

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20
Q

The _ stores the organism’s genetic information.

Is surrounded by the nuclear envelope.

A

nucleus

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21
Q

Nucleus

○ Composed of two membranes:

○ Contains small holes called _ _

A

outer and inner membranes.

nuclear pores.

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22
Q

The nucleus holds _ ,
consisting of DNA, enzymes, histone proteins, RNAs, and water.
○ Contains , where ribosomes are made and partially assembled.
○ Occupies up to% of the cell volume.

A

nucleoplasm

nucleoli

50

23
Q

The _ _ has a single membrane, the tonoplast.

A

central vacuole

24
Q

○ Stores water, salts, crystals, starch, protein bodies, and other granules.
○ Critical for cell enlargement.
○ Recycles _ by taking in
old, impaired organelles and using digestive enzymes to break them down.

A

central vacuole

monomers

25
Q

the site of cellular respiration.

A

mitochondria

26
Q

Also Have an outer and inner membrane.
○ Inner membrane folds forming cristae increasing surface area.
○ Have their own circular DNA resembling that of prokaryotes.
○ Can divide or enlarge as needed.

A

mitochondria

27
Q

_ have an inner and outer membrane and an inner fluid called the _.

A

Plastids

stroma

28
Q

○ Includes chloroplasts.
○ Diverse metabolisms take place in
other plastid classes.
○ Contain their own circular DNA
resembling that of prokaryotes.

A

Plastids

29
Q

● _ are responsible for photosynthesis and contain _.

A

Chloroplasts

chlorophyll

30
Q

○ Membrane sheets called _ project into the stroma.
○ They can form stacks of vesicles called _.

A

thylakoids

grana

31
Q

● Starch-storing plastids.

● Occur in nonphotosynth etic areas of the plant.

A

Amyloplasts

32
Q

3 other plastids

A

chromoplasts
leucoplasts
phytoferritin

33
Q
  1. _- store bright lipid
    pigments found in some fruits and
    flowers.
  2. _- large, unpigmented plastids
    involved in fat and lipid synthesis.
    3.- a plant protein attached to
    stored iron that is almost exclusively stored in plastids.
A

Chromoplasts

Leucoplasts

Phytoferritin

34
Q

● _ are the site of protein synthesis.
○ Occur in the cytoplasm.
○ Are aggregates of 3 molecules of
ribosomal RNA and ~50 types of
protein.
○ Bound together by the messenger
RNA, forming a cluster called a _.

A

Ribosomes

polysome

35
Q

● _ _ is a system of narrow tubes and sheets of membrane within the cytoplasm.
● Important in both manufacture and transport of molecules.
● Two forms:
○ _ (covered with ribosomes)
○ _ (involved in lipid
synthesis and membrane assembly)

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Rough

Smooth

36
Q

_ are stacks of thin vesicles held together in an array that processes materials to be secreted.
○ Have a forming face where ER vesicles accumulate.
○ And a maturing face where vesicles are released after the contents are processed.

A

Dictyosomes

37
Q

_ consists of all the cell membranes except for the inner membranes of and _

A

Endomembrane system

mitochondria and plastids

38
Q

● _ is the clear substance of the cytoplasm and is composed of water, enzymes, and other chemicals

A

Cytosol

39
Q

_ are small, spherical bodies that isolate reactions that produce or use hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

A

Microbodies

40
Q

○ _ detoxify by-products of photosynthesis.
○ _ are involved in
converting stored fats into sugars.

A

Peroxisomes

Glyoxysomes

41
Q

Microtubules are structural elements of the cell that act as a “_.”

A

cytoskeleton

42
Q

○ The means of motility for organelles and whole cells.
○ Composed of two types of protein with a globular tertiary structure: _ and_.
○ Separate chromatids during cell division.
● _ are another component of the cytoskeleton.
● Assemblies of a globular protein called.
○ Involved in structure and movement

A

alphatubulin and beta-tubulin

Microfilaments

actin

43
Q

○ _ is sometimes converted
into lipids and stored as large oil
droplets.
○ Crystals of calcium oxalate or
calcium carbonate.
○ Silica, tannins, or phenols.
○ Since there is no excretory
mechanism, some of these products are simply stored waste.

A

Starch

44
Q

● Majority of plant cells have cell walls (except some sperm cells).
● Not only provides strength and protection but is also a site of considerable metabolism.

A

cell wall

45
Q

cell walls are primarily composed of

A

○ Cellulose
○ Hemicellulose
○ Pectins

46
Q

● Parallel cellulose molecules crystallize into , which cover the plasma membrane.
○ Cellulose microfibrils are bound together by other polysaccharides called .
○ The wall of one cell is glued to the
walls of adjacent cells by the middle lamella composed of _.

A

microfibrils

hemicelluloses

pectins

47
Q

● Plant cells have a thin _ _ _ .
● Cells requiring more strength may form a
secondary, lignified cell wall between the primary wall and the plasma membrane.

A

primary cell wall

48
Q

● Cells of multicellular organisms interact and must communicate.
○ Interacting cells sense that they are part of a larger organism and identify how they should differentiate.
○ This requires extensive intercellular communication.

A

association of cells

49
Q

● Cells can secrete messenger compounds.
● Plant cells cannot communicate via direct
physical contact.
○ In plants the cell wall and middle
lamella are a barrier.
○ Plasmodesmata allows direct
communication.

A

Association of cells

50
Q

_ are small channels that connect adjacent cells.
○ The plasma membrane passes
through them and creates a contiguous membrane from cell to cell.
○ A small stream of the cystol and a section of the ER also pass through the plasmodesmata.
○ These occur singly or in clusters called primary pit fields.

A

Plasmodesmata

51
Q

● Plasmodesmata connect protoplasts to create the_.

A

symplast

52
Q

● Many cells do not abut each other tightly, so there is intercellular space between.
○ All intercellular space and cell walls together are called the _.

A

apoplast

53
Q

The _ and _ together make up the entire plant.

A

symplast and apoplast

botany (4 decks)

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