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Pcol > M21 > Flashcards

M21 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four stages of anesthesia

A

Stage 1 : analgesia
Stage 2: Disinhibition
Stage 3: surgical anesthesia
Stage 4: medullary depression

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2
Q

The patient has “decreased awareness of pain”, sometimes with amnesia. Consciously may be impaired but it is not lost.

A

Analgesia

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3
Q

The patient appears to be delirious and excited. Amnesia occurs, reflexes are enhanced, and respiration is typically irregular; reaching and incontinence may occur.

A

Stage 2: Disinhibition

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4
Q

The patient is unconscious and has no pain reflexes, respiration is very regular and the blood pressure is maintained

A

Stage 3: Surgical anesthesia

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5
Q

The patient develops severe respiratory and cardiovascular depression that requires mechanical and pharmacologic support

A

Stage 4: Medullary Depression

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6
Q

Does not produce its effect via facilitation of GABA a receptor functions, but possibly via its antagonism of the action of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamic acid on the N-methyl-daspartate ( NMDA ) receptor.

A

Ketamine

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7
Q

Two types of general anesthetics

A

Inhaled and Intravenous

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8
Q

What are the drugs under inhaled anesthesia

A

Gas ( nitrous oxide)
Volatile liquids ( halothane )

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9
Q

What are the drugs and their intravenous general anesthesia

A

Barbiturates ( Thiopental )
Dissociative ( ketamine )
Miscellaneous ( etomidate , PROPOFOL )
Opioids ( fentanyl )
Benzodiazepine ( midazolam )

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10
Q

What are the drugs that is under inhaled anesthetics

A

Desflurane
Enflurane
Halothane
Isoflurane
Sevoflurane
Nitrous oxide

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11
Q

Possible Mechanism
Facilitate GABA-mediated inhibition
•block brain NMDA and ACh-N receptors

A

Inhaled Anesthetics

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12
Q

Pharmacokinetics:
Rate of onset and recovery vary by blood: gas partition coefficient
•recovery mainly due to redistribution from brain to other tissues

A

Inhaled anesthetics

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13
Q

Toxicity: extensions of effects on brain, heart / vasculature, lungs

A

Inhaled anesthetics

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14
Q

Possible Mechanism:
Facilitate GABA-mediated inhibition at GABA A receptor.

A

Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, etomidate, and propofol

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15
Q

Pharmacokinetics:
High lipid solubility fast onset and short duration due to redistribution

A

Barbiturates
•Tiopental
•thioamylal
•methohexital

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16
Q

Blocks excitation by glutamate at NMDA receptor

A

Dissociative
•ketamine

17
Q

Pharmacokinetics:
Moderate duration of action-hepatic metabolism

A

Ketamine

Pcol (3 decks)

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