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Prelim - PDHPE > M2 - The Body in Motion > Flashcards

M2 - The Body in Motion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?

A

-Giving structure to the body
-Attaches to muscle to allow movement
-Protecting vital organs and tissues
-Producing red and white blood cells
-Stores minerals

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2
Q

What are the 3 main types of bones and their roles?

A

Long bones and short bones: act as levers to transfer forces e.g. femur, humerus and wrist, ankle
Flat bones: protect vital organs e.g. scapula, sternum

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3
Q

What are the 8 planes of the body?

A

Superior and inferior: up and down
Anterior and posterior: front and back
Medial and lateral: middle, outer
Proximal and Distal: towards mass and away

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4
Q

What bones are in the shoulder to arm?

A

clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpal, phalanges

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5
Q

What bones are in the leg?

A

Femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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6
Q

What are the bones in the spine to pelvis?

A

Cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, Ilium, sacrum, coccyx

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7
Q

What is a joint and what are the three groups of joints?

A

A junction of two or more bones.
Fibrous: immoveable (cranium)
Cartilaginous: slightly moveable (vertebral column)
Synovial: freely moveable (hip)

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8
Q

What is the structure of a synovial joint and what is their function?

A

Ligaments: Connect articulating bones
Tendons: Connects muscles to bones
Cartilage: Layer covering bones for movement
Synovial fluid: Lubricant cushioning bone to bones

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9
Q

What are the 6 kind of synovial joints?

A

Ball and socket: hip
Hinge: elbow
Pivot: neck
Ellipsoid: patella
Saddle: between carpals
Plane: between metacarpals and phalanges

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10
Q

What is flexion and extension and where can it be done?

A

Decrease/increase in the angle of the joint.
-Elbow, knee, neck, shoulder, hip
e.g. Flexion of elbow in bicep curl

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11
Q

What is abduction and adduction and where can it be done?

A

Movement of body part away/towards midline of body
-Arms, legs
e.g. Abduction of the arm in lateral raises

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12
Q

What is circumduction and rotation?

A

Circumduction is drawing a circular motion with a body part (arms and fingers)
e.g. freestyle swimming
Rotation is spinning the bone in its socket (hip and shoulder)
e.g. Tennis serve

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13
Q

What are the 2 wrist joint actions?

A

Supination: turning the palm facing up
Pronation: turning the palm facing down

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14
Q

What are the 4 ankle joint actions?

A

Dorsi flexion: flex up
Plantar flexion: point down
Inversion: inwards
Eversion: outwards

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15
Q

What are the 2 shoulder joint actions?

A

Elevation: lifting
Deepression: releasing

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16
Q

What are the 2 parts of the skeleton called?

A

Axial: The bones along the body’s long axis (skull, vertebrate column, ribs)
Apendicular: The upper and lower limbs which attach to the axial skeleton (arms and legs)

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the muscular system?

A

Contract to allow the movement of the body.

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18
Q

What muscles are in the shoulder to arm?

A

Deltoid, bicep, tricep, wrist flexors

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19
Q

Which muscles are in the torso, front and back?

A

Pectoralis major, rectus abdominus, obliques
Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae

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20
Q

What are the muscles in the lower limb?

A

Gluteus maximus, abductor, adductor, quadricep, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior

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21
Q

What is the muscle relationships in movement?
Provide examples

A

Agonist: prime mover contracting to cause major action
Antagonist: relaxes and lengthens allowing agonist to contract
Stabiliser: stabilises a joint for desired motion can be performed.
e.g. bicep and tricep
hamstring, quadriceps

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22
Q

What are the types of muscle contractions?

A

Concentric: dynamic contraction where muscle length shortens
Eccentric: dynamic contraction where muscle lengthens
Isometric: muscle length remains constant, producing tension

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23
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Allowing for the exchange of gases in the body to provide oxygen for the muscles to function. This uses glucose and oxygen while producing carbon dioxide, water and energy.

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24
Q

What is the path of respiration?

A

Air enters the body through the nose and mouth where it is warmed and filtered. It then passes the pharynx, larynx and down a hollow tube of ringed cartilage called the trachea. The trachea branches into two bronchi in the right and left lung which continue branching into bronchioles leading to tiny air sacs called alveoli. Alveoli are one cell thick and lined with capillaries, allowing CO2 and O2 to be exchanged via diffusion. The diaphragm then contracts to push the air back out.

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25
Q

What are the two lung functions?

A

Inspiration: diaphragm contracts and flattens as the external intercostal muscles lift the ribs to increase the volume of the chest. Air pressure decreases making air from the outside rush in
Expiration: Diaphragm expands and relaxes, lifting up to return to resting position. Volume of chest decreases and air pressure increases, pushing it out.

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26
Q

How does gas exchange work?

A

During inspiration, high oxygen air and low carbon dioxide air fills the alveoli while the capillaries that line in are low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide. The difference in concentration causes diffusion where the gases are exchanged, allowing greater oxygen concentration in the blood and greater carbon dioxide in the air to be breathed out.

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27
Q

What are the effects of physical activity on respiration?

A

-Demand for oxygen increases for working muscles
-More carbon dioxide is produced
-Rate and depth of breathing increases
-Blood flow to the lungs increases

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28
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

Allows the transportation of oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing carbon dioxide and waste. It also protects the body through clotting and regulates the body’s temperature.

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29
Q

What are the blood vessels in the circulatory system?

A

Artery: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body
Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back from the body towards the heart
Capillaries: Connect arteries and veins, allow gas exchange.

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30
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Red blood cells: Carry oxygen
White blood cells: Fight infections
Platelets: Clotting to prevent blood loss
Plasma: Liquid carrying nutrients and water

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31
Q

What is the path of the circulatory system beginning with the left ventricle?

A

Oxygenated blood from the left ventricles goes up the aorta around the body to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide. The deoxygenated blood then returns through the superior and inferior vena cava, meeting in the right atrium. The blood goes down the right ventricle and through the pulmonary artery to the right and left lung where oxygen is diffused in and carbon dioxide is diffused out. The oxygenated blood return through pulmonary veins to the left atrium and back to the left ventricle.

32
Q

What are the two actions of the heart?

A

Diastole: the relaxation of the muscle and filling phase of blood in the heart

Systole: the contraction of the heart, pumping blood out of it to around the body

33
Q

What are the types of circulation?

A

Pulmonary: The path of blood to and from the lungs on the right side of the heart

Systemic: The path of blood to and from the body on the left side of the heart

34
Q

What is blood pressure

A

The force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels. This reflects the quantity of blood pushed out and ease/difficulty of blood flow.
systolic blood pressure: blood pumped out (highest reading)
diastolic blood pressure: blood returns (weakest reading and flow)

35
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

Sphygmomanometer: an inflatable cuff is placed around the arm and inflated with a pump. This is attached to a gauge that measures the pressure in the cuff.

36
Q

What are health-related components of fitness?

A

Aspects of fitness enabling health and protection of sickness as well performance of daily tasks and sports.
Cardio-respiratory endurance
Muscular endurance
Muscular strength
Flexibility
Body composition

37
Q

What is cardiorespiratory endurance and how can it be measured?
Name a sport where it is used

A

Ability of working muscles to take up and use oxygen
-Beep test: complete shuttle runs from a 20m distance with recorded beeps
-Soccer

38
Q

What is muscular endurance and how can it be measured?
Name a sport where it is used

A

Ability of muscles to endure physical work for extended periods of time
-one-minute sit-up test
-Cycling

39
Q

What is muscular strength and how can it be measured?
Name a sport where it is used

A

Ability to exert force against a resistance
-Handgrip dynamometer test: extend arm to shoulder height and squeeze as hard as possible
-Weightlifting

40
Q

What is flexibility and how can it be measured?
Name a sport where it is used

A

Range of motion about a joint.
-Sit and reach test: feet against box and reach slowly as far as possible
-Dancing

41
Q

What is body composition and how can it be measured?
Name a sport where it is used

A

Percentage of fat opposed to lean body mass
-Skinfold test: Take skin fold from 4 sites and place callipers to get measurement
-Wrestling

42
Q

What are skill-related components of fitness?

A

Do not specifically impact health but improve performance of activities and sports.
Balance
Speed
Coordination
Reaction time
Agility
Power

43
Q

What is balance and how can it be measured?
Name a sport where it is used

A

A state where the body is in a stable position (static or dynamic).
-Stork test: standing on one leg as long as possible
-Gymnastics

44
Q

What is speed and how can it be measured?
Name a sport where it is used

A

The rate of change in positions
-Sprints 10m
-Sprinting

45
Q

What is coordination and how can it be measured?
Name a sport where it is used

A

Ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently
-Alternate hand wall toss: throw a ball at the wall with one hand and catch with the other
-Netball

46
Q

What is reaction time and how can it be measured?
Name a sport where it is used

A

Time taken to respond to a stimulus
-Ruler reaction time test: place forearm on a flat surface and line rulers up to thumb level. Drop and measure where caught
-Table tennis

47
Q

What is agility and how can it be measured?
Name a sport where it is used

A

Ability to change direction or position of body rapidly and efficiently
-Illinois agility test: Complete a course of running around cones under a timer.
-Soccer

48
Q

What is power and how can it be measured?
Name a sport where it is used

A

Combining speed and strength in an explosive action
-Vertical jump test: squat and jump as high as possible
-High jump

49
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic training?

A

Aerobic training is for overall good health and requires oxygen. This is low to moderate intensity and targets endurance capacity by improving delivery of oxygen
e.g. jogging and swimming
Anaerobic training is specialised training done without the presence of oxygen. It is higher in intesity and for a short period of time, improving body’s efficiency of turning blood sugar to energy.
e.g. sprinting and weightlifting

50
Q

What is motion? What are the types?

A

Motion used to describe movement and path of body.
Linear, angular and general motion.

51
Q

What is angular and general motion?

A

The motion of a body about a fixed point or fixed axis. It is equal to the angle passed over at the point or axis by a line drawn to the body.

General motion is a combination of linear and rotary motions.

52
Q

When does linear motion occur? What is an example of linear motion?

A

When a body and all parts connected to it travel the same distance in the same direction and at the same speed.
e.g. swimming, and sprint events.

53
Q

What is velocity and how is it calculated? When can velocity be calculated?

A

Refers to rate of positional change of an obect
Calculate using displacement divided by time taken.
When objects are projects or players move from on place to another on a sporting field, the path taken is rarely straight.

54
Q

What is speed and how is it calculated?

A

Speed is when an object such as a car moves along a road, or a person runs in a race, of how fast each is moving.
Speed is determined by dividing distance over time.

55
Q

What is acceleration defined as and how can it be calculated?

A

Rate at which velocity changes with respect to time.
Acceleration = force/mass

56
Q

What is momentum and how is it calculated? An example?

A

Momentum is product of mass and velocity.
Momentum = mass(kg) x velocity(m/s)

In golf, momentum applies through the transfer of mometum from the golf club to the golf ball.
In sprinting, momentum applied through transfer of momentum from the starting position on the block to sprinting.

57
Q

What improvements in running form can increase performance? Why is this important

A

Arm movement - foward movement of on arm and the backward movement of other, creating a force that rotates the upper body around a vertical axis in a given direction.
Leg movement - create a force on the lower body around a vertical axis in the opposite direction of the upper body, creating angular momentum.

Make better use of the runner’s energy. Improvement in performance time.

58
Q

What are the two types of balance? What are the major factors that affect a person’s stability:

A

Static balance is when a person remains over a relatively fixed base.
Dynamic is when a performer is in motion

Major factors that affect a person’s stability are the:
- area of the base of support
- relation of the line of gravity to the edge of the base
- height of the centre of gravity
- mass of the person

59
Q

What is the centre of gravity and how may it alter?

A

Point where all body weight is concentrated or the point about which the body weight is evenly distributed.
Body’s centre og rgavity shifts with each body movement.
External loads may alter the position of the centre of gravity. Greater external load, farther the combine centre of gravity will be from the person’s centre of gravity.

60
Q

What is the line of gravity? How can an object be balanced?

A

Represents the direction gravity acts perpendicular to the earth’s surface through the body at the centre of gravity.
For an object to be balanced, the line of gravity must pass within the base of support. For example, a tennis player will keep their line of gravity centred, so that the centre of gravity can be shifted quickly in any direction without loss of balance.

61
Q

How can base of support create greater stability.

A

Larger the base of support, greater stability
- widening the base of support
- lowering the centre of mass
- increasing the mass of the body

Greater friction between the surface and the body also create more stability. For example, softabll players wear cleats to provide stability for actions that require quick and forceful movements.

62
Q

What are the types of fluid mechanics?

A

Flotation, centre of buoyancy and fluid resistance.

63
Q

What is the FITT principle?

A

A guide to creating an aerobic training program
Frequency: How often individuals train (3-5 days per week)
Intensity: Amount of effort required (60-85% max heart rate)
Time: How long training lasts (1 hour)
Type: What kind of exercise (circuits)

64
Q

What are the immediate physiological responses to training?

A

-Heart rate
-Ventilation rate
-Stroke volume
-Cardiac output
-Lactate levels

65
Q

What is heart rate and how does it respond to training?

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute.
Maximum: 220 - age
-Increases during training

66
Q

What is flotation and what can it impact on?
What are the impacts of the forces that act on a floating body or object?
What impacts an objects ability to float?
What device can increase buoyancy?

A

Flotation is to maintain a stationary postion on the surface of the water.

Our body floats readily on water when the forces created by its weight are matched equally or better by the buoyant force of the water.

Body density impacts on the ability to float. If weight density is high, that is fat free, the body sinks in water. If higher proportions of fat, tend to float. As well as, density of surrounding water.

Personal flotation device (PFD)

67
Q

What is the centre of buoyancy?
What is horizontal flotation?

A

Centre of gravity of the fluid displaced by a floating object. Around this point, all the buoyancy forces are balanced.

The huamn body’s centre of buoyancy is not vertically aligned to its centre of gravity.

68
Q

What is ventilation rate and how does it respond to training?

A

Number of breaths taken per minute
-Increases during training

69
Q

What is stroke volume and how does it respond to training?

A

Volume of blood pumped out by the heart
-Increases during training

70
Q

What is cardiac output and how does it respond to training?

A

Volume of blood pumped out by the heart per minute
-Increases during training

71
Q

What is fluid resistance? What are the primary forces?

A

Force applied by a gas or liquid resisting the motion of a body through it.

Drag - force that opposes the forward motion of a body or object, reducing its speed and velocity. Resisiting force because it acts in opposition to whatever is moving through it. Two types of drag; pressure and skin friction drag.
e.g. swimmer push of the pool wall following a turn, as forwardm motion gradually decreases due to forced applied by water,

Lift - important in keeping the implement airborne, sometimes negative lift is an advantage.

72
Q

How does the body apply force? What are the types of forces.

A

Body produced force primarily through the muscular system promoting movement of the skeletal system. Body is then faced with opposing forces such as gravity, air resistance, water resistance and friction which cause the body to apply force.

Internal force: one that develops within the body (e.g. contraction of quadricpes when kicking)
External force: comes from outside the body (e.g. gravity)
Applied force: generated by muscle working on joints
Reaction foce: equal and opposite forces exerted in response to applied forces

73
Q

What are lactate levels and how do they respond to training?

A

Amount of lactic acid produced via anaerobic training found in the blood.
-Increases during anaerobic training

74
Q

How does the body absorbs force?

A

Absorbed through the joints, which bend or flex in response to the impact. When body lands on a floor or similar surface, it exerts force on the srface. In response, the surface exerts a force on the body.
If we did not bend the knees and allow a slow, controlled dissipation of the force by the muscles, the risk of injury to the joint will be increased.
e.g. dismount off beam, landing in high jump.

75
Q

What are the considerations when apply force to objects?

A

First, quantity of force applied to the object. Greater the force, the greater the acceleration of the object. Smaller soccer play, only small effort production providing little force to ball.
Second, if the mass of an object is increased, mroe force is needed to move the object the same distance. For example, if a football becomes heavier as a result of wet conditions, more force is required to pass or kick it.
Third, objects of greater mass require more force to move them than objects of smaller mass. E.g. the size of discus, javelin, shot-put used in athletics competitions is smaller for younger students than older students.

Prelim - PDHPE (3 decks)

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