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Prelim - PDHPE > M1 - Better Health for Individuals > Flashcards

M1 - Better Health for Individuals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of health?

A

The world Health Organisation defines health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’.
Though the concept of health is diverse and means different things to different people

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2
Q

What are the 5 dimensions of health and how do they interact?

A

Physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual.
All dimensions are interrelated, meaning an increase/decrease in one can see the same effect in another.

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3
Q

What is the physical dimension of health? What can affect this?

A

Efficient functioning of the body and absence of disease.
-Regular exercise
-Nutrition and diet
-Alcohol and drugs
-Medical care

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4
Q

What is the mental dimension of health? What can affect this?

A

State of well-being and outlook of life as well as the ability to cope and adapt to change
-Sense of self
-resillience
-Communication

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5
Q

What is the social dimension of health? What can affect this?

A

Effectively interacting and communicating with other people.
-Relationships
-Friends and family
-Communication

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6
Q

What is the emotional dimension of health? What can affect this?

A

Being able to cope and manage one’s emotions.
-Regularly speaking about emotions
-Therapy
-Bottling up emotions

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7
Q

What is the spiritual dimension of health? What can affect this?

A

Sense of purpose and meaning in life and feeling connected with others.
-Morals and values
-Purpose, awareness and understanding

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8
Q

What is relative health?

A

Comparing the health of one person to another, using theirs as a baseline

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9
Q

What is dynamic health?

A

The concept that health is constantly changing throughout one’s lifetime due to age, friendships, events and circumstances

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10
Q

What is a health continuum?

A

A measure of health status from poor to excellent

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11
Q

What are the perceptions of our own health and what is it affected by?

A

Greatly subjective and prone to change throughout life, determined by:
- Personal interpretation and understanding of health
- Environment
-Health behaviours and lifestyle
- Family, peers, and media

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12
Q

What are the implications with of perceptions of health on others?
Provide an example

A

-Judgements of health status of others from interpretations can enforce stereotypes to particular community groups.
-Contributes to expectations of one’s capabilities and responsibilities for managing their health.
Elderly: Fragile, weak and more susceptible to physical illnesses due to less exercise and aging. Perception discourages them to participate in exercise

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13
Q

How does an individual’s perception of health affect them?

A

Significant influence on lifestyle and behaviours relating to health. Accurately assessing level of health allows proactiveness to take appropriate action to address health concerns.
E.g. A person who recognises and acknowledges the symptoms of depression are more likely to seek support than one who is unfamiliar or disregards symptoms.

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14
Q

How do perceptions of health affect people on a policy level?

A

Health priorities impacts allocation of funding for resources and support. Insufficient funding for certain health issues causes resentment, disempowered, limits health strategies, less research.

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15
Q

Explain the perceptions of health as a social construct

A

Health status is a result of many factors surrounding an individual. This includes gender, age, geographical location, socioeconomic status, cultural background, level of education, community values and expectations. This explains why individuals and groups experience better or worse health and that health is not solely the responsibility of the individual.

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16
Q

How has the media contributed to perceptions of health?

A

-Distributing health related information and raising awareness/ public concerns on issues, influencing government priorities and policies
-Shaping attitudes, values and behaviours for ‘good health’ which may be from misleading messages
e.g. magazines set unrealistic and unattainable body standards

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17
Q

How do peers contributed to perceptions of health?

A

-Influence attitudes to health and health behaviours adopted: seeking support, exercising, diet
-Social pressure causing bad decisions: drugs and alcohol, dangerous driving, sexual activities

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18
Q

How do families contributed to perceptions of health?

A

Promote and teach health behaviours and values from a young age: Prioritising physical activities carries attitudes on to future.
Socioeconomic status: lower quality life, illness, poor access

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19
Q

What is the health status of young people? Provide statistics

A

Contrary to common belief, the health status of young people is quite positive but still improving.
-Life expectancy has increased and death rates have decreased due to improved knowledge and technology
-Smoking rates have decreased due to new knowledge of harms
-Obesity affects 1/3 and is increasing
-Self-harm, suicide and injuries are still high, mental health issues increased to 1/3

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20
Q

What are positive health behaviours?

A

Actions taken to benefit one’s health
-Eating a nutritious diet
-Exercising
-Wearing sunscreen
-Going therapy
-Using contraception

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21
Q

What are risk bheviours?

A

Actions that can cause harm, illness or death.
-Consuming alcohol and drugs
-Skipping school
-Drunk driving
-Isolating yourself

22
Q

What are the determinants of health?

A

Individual, sociocultural, socioeconomic and environment

23
Q

What are Individual determinants of health?

A

Factors unique to each person, determining level of health
-Knowledge and skill: knowing about health and health-related skills (health literacy)
-Attitiudes: resilience, self-belied and values towards health (quitting bad habits)
-Genetics: Genes inherited from parents (Skin cancer)

24
Q

What are sociocultural determinants of health?

A

Family: Home environment shapes health, wellbeing, and health behaviours (health diet habits)
Peers: Especially influences young people and their values, and behaviours (peer pressure)
Media: Shape how the world is seen and values, opinions, knowledge (expectations)
Culture and Religion: Development of meanings and purpose, morals, and behaviours (social support)

25
Q

What are socioeconomic determinants of health?

A

Education: Provides essential knowledge and skills to manage health (better employment, higher income)
Employment: Accessing services (income and physical activity in jobs)
Income: Affording health services
(Can’t get necessary treated)

26
Q

What are environmental determinants of health?

A

Geographical location: Able to access facilities (isolated from peers)
Access to health services: (Can not readily access health services)
Access to technology: (Gaining health information and easy transport)

27
Q

What are modifiable and non-modifiable health determinants?

A

Modifiable determinances can be changed or developed though life. (Skills, employment, education)
Non modifiable determinants are permanent and can not be changed
(Genetics, family, ethnicity)

28
Q

How does the influence of determinants change?

A

Through life stages, events and relationships

29
Q

What is health as a social construct?

A

The notion that an individual’s health behaviours and status are greatly determind by social, physical and cultural factors. This recognises why some experience better or worse health and how health is not solely and individual’s responsibility.

30
Q

What is health promotion?

A

The process of enabling individuals to gain control over their health and improving it.

31
Q

What are the levels of responsibility for health?

A

Individual, communicaty groups and schools, NGO’s, government and international organisations

32
Q

How are individuals responsible for health promotion?

A

Their positive personal-behavirous and proactive health choices enhace health, lifestyle and prevent illness and disease. e.g. health professions

33
Q

How are community groups/schools responsible for health promotion?

A

Shapes beliefs and values while delivering and raising awareness of accurate and relevant health inforamtion.
e.g. School hat policy
e.g. ATSI health promotion

34
Q

How are non-government organisation responsible for health promotion?

A

non-for-profit organisations at local, national and internation levels focus on prmoting specific issues.
e.g. National Heart foundation and Cancer Council

35
Q

How are governments responsible for health promotion?

A

Local - decisions and policies impacting communities. e.g. parks
State - Planning and delivering health promotion, disease-prevention programs, policies and legislation e.g. smoking ban in public areas
Federal - Controlling the health system and funding various health resources, policies and programs
e.g. medicare for free national health service.

36
Q

How are International organisations responsible for health promotion?

A

Assisting and guiding countries to achieve the best health for their citizens
e.g. WHO provides leadership on global health issues and helps countries with public health concerns

37
Q

What are the three approaches to health promotion?

A

Lifestyle/behavioural, preventative medical, public health

38
Q

What are lifestyle/behavioural health promotion approaches?

A

Targets individuals by preventing risk behaviours that contribute to poor health.
e.g. quit smoking programs, road safety campaigns, local parks

39
Q

What are preventative medical health promotion approaches?

A

Aims to treat and prevent diseases.
Primary: first line of defence for prevention
e.g. childhood immunisation
Secondary: Minimising likelihood of disease developing e.g. family history screening
Tertiary: Preventing chronic illness after diagnosis
e.g. asthma plans

40
Q

What are public health promotion approaches?

A

Establishes programs, policies and services to create a supportive health environment
e.g. Are you okay day

41
Q

What is the Ottawa Charter and what are its 5 action areas?

A

An international agreement was created in 1986 that provides a framework for key health promotion strategies. This approach moves from cure to prevention and empowers individuals.
-Developing personal skills
-Creating supportive environments
-Strengthening community action
-Reorienting health services
-Building healthy public policy

42
Q

Explain the action area: developing personal skills

A

Providing information and education for skills to be developed to make better health choices such as in schools, workplaces and at home.
-120 hours of driving
-Quit helpline

43
Q

Explain the action area: creating supportive environments

A

Creating a social and physical enviornment that encourages and endorses health.
-Gyms in the workplace
-Non-smoking areas

44
Q

Explain the action area: stregthening community action

A

Empowering communitites to identify and implement action addressing heath concerns
-Clean up Australia day
-Help groups

45
Q

Explain the action area: Reorienting health services

A

Directing healths services from cure to prevention.
-Promoting immunisation
-police and health education at schools

46
Q

Explain the action area: Building health public policy

A

Decisions made by government to improve health in areas such as housing, education, transport and welfare.
-Smoke free workplace
-Increase taxes on cigarettes
-Illegal mobile phone use while driving

47
Q

What is social justice and what are the three principles of it?

A

Principle that encourage fair and equitable distribution of resources and services for better health promotion.
-Equity
-Diversity
-Supportive environemnts

48
Q

What is equity?

A

Acknowledging imbalances and allocating resources where needed to reach equal outcomes.
-Flood payments for those who experienced damage
-Royal flying doctor service provides medical transport and service for those in rural areas.

49
Q

What is diversity?

A

Recognises the differences existing in society to eliminate prejudice and discrimination
-Translators and interprestors
-Health professionals from diverse cultures

50
Q

What are supportive environments in social justice?

A

Prelim - PDHPE (3 decks)

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