M2: OCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD

Question 1

Why is it important for optometrists to be aware of major causes of childhood visual difficulties

Answer 1

to correctly detect, prevent or manage them appropriately

Question 2

Ocular conditions present in childhood

Answer 2

• refractive errors
• strabismus
• amblyopia
• nystagmus

Question 3

Trew or Naur
refractive error all departures from emmetropia

Answer 3

Chrew

Question 4

myopia with onset at any age between 6-15 years

Answer 4

Juvenile Myopia

Question 5

significant difference in refractive error between the eyes (more than 1.00 D)

Answer 5

anisometropia

Question 6

BASED ON THE OJAI STUDY
Refraction at ages 5-6 years

Answer 6

• myopia
• hyperopia in excess of +1.50D
• hyperopia between +0.50D and +1.25D
• hyperopia between zero and +0.50D
• between zero and +0.50D and ATR astigmatism

Question 7

BASED ON THE OJAI STUDY
Prediction for ages 13-14 years

Answer 7

• myopia will remain and will probably increase
• child will likely remain hyperopic
• high probability of being emmetropic
• high probability of being myopic
• an even higher probability of becoming againts the rule astigmatism and myopic

Question 8

failure of the visual axes of the eye to pass through the point of fixation

Answer 8

strabismus

Question 9

strabismus can be:

Answer 9

• convergent, divergent, vertical
• constant or intermittent
• unilateral or bilateral
• comitant or incomitant

Question 10

non-optical and non pathological reduction in vA

Answer 10

amblyopia

Question 11

classifications of amblyopia

Answer 11

• Strabismic
• Refractive
• Meridional
• Anisometropic
• Deprivational

Question 12

involuntary oscillation of the eyes

Answer 12

nystagmus

Question 13

Nystagmus may be

Answer 13

pendular or jerk

Question 14

nystagmus is caused by visual deprivation before the age of

Answer 14

2 - 6 years

Question 15

common causes of nystagmus

Answer 15

congenital cataract and albinism

Question 16

chrewly or hindeeee

nystagmus is often associated with strabismus

Answer 16

chrew!!!!

Question 17

Examples of pediatric ocular pathology

Answer 17

• Congenitalcataract
• Albinism
• Congenitalptosis
• Epicanthus
• Fundus anomalies
• AnteriorEyeinfections
• Haemangioma

Question 18

Examples of congenital cataract

Answer 18

• cortical
• sutural
• lamellar

Question 19

common congenital cataract that do not interfere with vision

Answer 19

cortical and sutural cataracts

Question 20

congenital cataract that interferes with vision

Answer 20

lamellar cataract

Question 21

Types of albinism

Answer 21

• oculocutaneous albinism
• ocular albinism

Question 22

Type of albinism
hereditary inability to synthesize melanin

Answer 22

oculocutaneous albinism

Question 23

Type of albinism
affects the eyes only

Answer 23

ocular albinism

Question 24

drooping of the upper lid

Answer 24

congenital ptosis

Question 25

COngenital ptosis is caused by the

Answer 25

dystrophy of the levator muscle

Question 26

in congenital ptosis, if pupil is obscured it may lead to

Answer 26

amblyopia

Question 27

fold of skin stretching from upper to lower lid and covers medial canthus

Answer 27

epicanthus

Question 28

epicanthus may give appearance of

Answer 28

esotropia (pseudo - esotropia)

Question 29

Examples of fundus anomalies

Answer 29

- retinoblastoma - retinopathy of prematurity

Question 30

most common primary malignant intraocular tumor

Answer 30

retinoblastoma

Question 31

• occurs in neonates whom oxygen is admisnistered • retinalneovascularization • associated with congenital myopia

Answer 31

retinopathy of prematurity

Question 32

Blepharitis is most common in

Answer 32

childhood

Question 33

blepharitis is caused by

Answer 33

staphylococcus aureas

Question 34

this anterior eye infection causes the eye to appear red, scaly, and swollen

Answer 34

blepharitis

Question 35

blepharitis gives rise to

Answer 35

itching burning photophobia internal/external hordeolum chalazion bacterial conjunctivitis

Question 36

examples of anterior eye infections

Answer 36

blepharitis viral conjunctivitis allergic conjunctivitis

Question 37

anterior eye infection caused by adenovirus

Answer 37

viral conjunctivitis

Question 38

type of conjunctivitis that is contagious, initially unilateral with hyperaemia and watery discharge

Answer 38

viral conjunctivitis

Question 39

viral conjunctivitis resolves within

Answer 39

2-3 weeks

Question 40

allergic conjunctivitis is caused by

Answer 40

pollen or animals

Question 41

allergic conj often occurs in association with

Answer 41

hay fever asthma eczema

Question 42

type of conj that is self limitiing once allergen is removed

Answer 42

allergic conjunctivitis

Question 43

chrew or taytay falls haemangioma is not congenital

Answer 43

falls!!

Question 44

may be superficial 'strawberry naevus' or deeper with more reddish blue swelling

Answer 44

haemangioma

Question 45

Spell haemangioma

Answer 45

H A E M A N G I O M A

Question 46

Haemangioma disappears by the age of

Answer 46

5 years

Question 47

Color vision anomalies

Answer 47

- achromatropsia - anomallous trichromacy - deuteranomalous trichromacy - dichromacy - protanomalous trichromacy - tritanopia

Question 48

total absence of color vision

Answer 48

achromatopsia

Question 49

incomplete loss of sensitivity to certain wavelengths

Answer 49

anomalous trichromacy

Question 50

most common CV anomaly; reduced color discrimination ability

Answer 50

deuteranomalous trichromacy

Question 51

CV is dependent on 2 types of cones

Answer 51

dichromacy

Question 52

2 types of cones where dichromacy is dependent on

Answer 52

protanopia deuteranopia

Question 53

red sensitive photopigment is absent

Answer 53

protanopia

Question 54

green sensitive photopigment is absent

Answer 54

deuteranopia

Question 55

reduced sensitivity to red colors

Answer 55

protanomalous trichromacy

Question 56

CV anomaly acquired defect, result of retinal disease (e.g. RP or diebetes

Answer 56

tritanopia