M2 CONCEPTS Flashcards
- supports the weight of a structure and its applied loads
- is a part of a building’ s substructure
Foundation
Major Types of Foundation Systems
1.Shallow Foundation
2.Deep Foundation
What type of foundation should be used in these conditions?
- Strata of good bearing capacity is not available near the ground
- Spread footings are not allowed due to restrictions in space
- Design requirements due to possible space and layout constraints
Deep Foundation
- simplest and most common type of building foundation
- usually a square or rectangular reinforced concrete pad
- distribute building loads over an area
Spread Footing
support a wall and one or more columns, or several columns
Combined Footings
consist of a heavily reinforced concrete slab extending under the entire structure, in order to spread the structure’ s load over a large area.
Mat or raft foundations
a type of mat foundation in which the weight of the soil excavated approximately equals the weight of the structure being erected.
Floating Foundation
nothing more than a column driven into the soil to support a structure by transferring building loads to a deeper and stronger layer of soil or rock.
Pile
Classification of Piles
- End Bearing Piles
- Friction Piles
Types of Piles:
Manufactured in almost any desired size or shape. Commonly used section shapes include round, square, and octagonal shapes.
Precast Concrete Piles
Types of Piles:
constructed by driving a steel shell into the ground and then filling it with concrete.
Cast-in-place concrete piles (or shell piles)
Types of Piles:
capable of supporting heavy loads, can be driven to great depth without damage, and are easily cut and spliced.
Steel piles
Type of Piles:
piles made up of two or more different materials.
Composite Piles
Type of Piles:
also known as compacted concrete piles, Franki piles, and pressure injected footings. They are a special form of cast-in-place concrete pile in which an enlarged base (or bulb) is formed during
driving.
Bulb Piles
Two Common Pile Construction Methods
- Pile Driving
- Bored Piles/ Cast-in-situ
Deep Foundation Load Test:
This method evaluates pile bearing capacity by applying a dynamic load to the pile head and measuring acceleration and strain.
Dynamic Load Test
Deep Foundation Load Test:
- Incremental static loads (5 or 10 tons) applied using a hydraulic jack.
- Holding Time: Each load increment is held for 2.5 minutes.
- Failure Criteria: Testing stops if the pile requires constant pumping to hold the load.
- Settlement Readings: Recorded immediately after stopping and at 2.5-minute intervals for 5 minutes.
- Load Removal & Recovery: All loads are removed, and recovery readings are taken at 2.5-minute intervals for
5 minutes.
Static Load Test
A non-destructive test (NDT) used to detect defects like cracks and changes in cross-section.
Pile Integrity Test (PIT)
A highly accurate pile integrity test for deep foundations, it uses ultrasonic pulses between probes to detect anomalies within concrete.
Cross-Hole Sonic Logging (CSL) Test
simply a column, usually of reinforced concrete, constructed below the ground surface.
Pier
a structure used to provide all-around lateral support to an excavation. It may be either open or pneumatic.
Caisson
the ease with which water flows through the soil, is primarily a function of a soil’s grain size distribution.
Soil Permeability
one of the world’s most versatile and
widely used construction materials.
Concrete or Portland Cement Concrete
