M1 CONCEPTS Flashcards by Alexander Jerome Ison

An endeavor that is undertaken to produce
required results
Has a start and a finish
Is unique and one time
Has an output/ product

Construction Project

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Key Roles in a Construction Project

Owner
Contractor
Designer

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Key Components of a Construction Project

Scope
Budget
Schedule

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Construction Project Phases

Project Definition
Project Scope
Project Budgeting
Project Planning
Project Scheduling
Project Tracking
Project Close-out

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Five Basic Functions of Project Management

Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Controlling

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“Horizontal Construction” - Includes highways, airports, railroads, bridges, canals, harbors, dams, and other major public
works.

Heavy Construction

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”Vertical Construction” - Involves building construction; private or public; residential or non-residential.

Building Construction

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process of moving soil or rock
processing soil or rock so it meets construction requirements

Earthmoving

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Processes of Earthmoving

Excavating
Loading and hauling
Placing (dumping and spreading)
Compacting
Grading and finishing

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Earthmoving materials

materials that make up the crust of the earth

Characteristics: Trafficability, Loadability

Soil and rock

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Soil Classification System

uses two letter symbols, and has designations for either coarse-grained soils or fine grained
soils

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)

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Soil Classification System

Soils in this system are classified as types A-1 through A-7, depending on the grading percentages of a sample

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

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Soil Conditions:

material is in natural state before disturbance.

Bank

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Soil Conditions:

material that has been excavated or loaded.

Loose

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Soil Conditions:

material condition after compaction.

Compacted

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Soil Conditions:

soil increases in volume when it is excavated

Swell

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Soil Conditions:

the soil will occupy less volume than it did under either the bank or loose conditions. reverse of swell

Shrinkage

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power-driven digging machine

Excavator

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Consideration for selection of Excavator Specifications

maximum depth for excavation
working radius of the bump
dumping height required for each bucket

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Two Types of Excavator

Hydraulic Excavator
Hydraulic Shovel

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versatile machine that has the longest reach for digging and dumping-part of the crane-shovel family

Draglines

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a crane-shovel equipped with a
crane boom and clamshell bucket

Clamshells

are primarily used for lifting , lowering , and transporting loads. They move loads horizontally by swinging or traveling.

Cranes

Beams that widen the effective base of a crane

Outrigger

-Cranes intended for lifting very heavy loads are usually crawler-mounted lattice-boom models -such cranes has a maximum lifting capacity of 230 tons

Heavy Lift Cranes

Special type of cranes. Used on building construction projects because of its wide operating radius and almost unlimited height capability.

Tower Cranes

Major Types of cranes

1. Horizontal jib type 2. Luffing boom cranes 3. Articulated jib

A tractor equipped with a front-mounted earthmoving blade

Dozers

* A tractor equipped with a front-end bucket is called * Used for excavating soft to medium-hard material, loading hoppers and haul units, stockpiling material, backfilling ditches and moving concrete and other construction equipment.

Loaders

Hauling equipment

Trucks and Wagons

The process of increasing the density of a soil by mechanically forcing the soil particles closer together, thereby expelling air from the void spaces in the soil.

Compaction

Increase in soil density of a cohesive soil resulting from the expulsion of water from the soil's void spaces

Consolidation

Benefits of Compaction

* Increased bearing strength * Reduced compressibility * Improved volume-change characteristics * Reduced permeability

Factors affecting degree of compaction

a. Soil's **physical and chemical** **properties** b. Soil's **moisture content** c. Compaction **method** employed d. Amount of **compactive effort** e. **Thickness of soil** layer being compacted (lift thickness)

Four Compaction forces

1. Static weight 2. Manipulation (or kneading) 3. Impact 4. vibration

Compaction force most effective for plastic soils

Kneading and Impact

Compaction force most effective for cohesionless soils

Vibrations

Typical testing methods for Compaction

1. Proctor Test (moisture density relation) 2. Standard Proctor Test 3. Modified Proctor Test

* maximum dry density under a specific compaction effort. * uses Proctor Test by ASTM or AASHTO

Optimum Moisture Content

Traditional Method of Measuring Field Density

Compacted density =dry weight (material removed)/ volume of hole

# **Types of Compaction equipment:** utilize a compaction drum equipped with a number of protruding feet (e.g. sheepsfoot roller).

Tamping Foot Roller

# **Types of Compaction equipment:** Utilize a compactor drum made up of a heavy steel mesh. They are capable of both crushing and compacting soft rock.

Grid or Mesh Rollers

# **Types of Compaction equipment:** Available in a wide range of sizes and types. Most **effective in compacting noncohesive soils**, they are also effective in **compacting cohesive soils** when operated at low frequency and high amplitud

Vibratory Compactors

# **Types of Compaction equipment:** used for compacting granular bases, asphaltic. Also effective in smoothing surfaces of soils that have been compacted by tamping rollers.

Steel wheel or smooth drum rollers

# **Types of Compaction equipment:** Available as light- to medium-weight multi-tired rollers and heavy rollers. **Effective on almost all types of soils** but are **least effective on clean sands and gravels**.

Rubber-tired or pneumatic rollers

# **Types of Compaction equipment:** small impact-type compactors which are primarily used for compaction in confined areas.

Rammers or tampers

Maximum lift thickness suggested for all rollers except vibratory rollers and heavy pneumatic rollers.

15 to 20 cm

Lift thickness for heavy pneumatic rollers

30 cm or more

Appropriate lift thickness for granular soils

20 cm for 1-ton compactor to 122 cm for 15-ton compactor.

the process of cutting down high spots and filling in low spots of each roadway layer

Balancing

the process of bringing earthwork to the desired shape and elevation (or grade).

While Grading

simply finishing, involves smoothing slopes, shaping ditches, and bringing the earthwork to the elevation required by the plans and specification.

Finish Grading

one of the most versatile items of earthmoving equipment. It can be used for light stripping, grading, finishing, trimming, bank sloping, ditching, backfilling, and scarifying. It is also capable of mixing and spreading soil and asphaltic mixtures.

Motor Grader