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A-Level Biology > M2 C3 Biological molecules > Flashcards

M2 C3 Biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 most abundant elements present in biological molecules and how many bonds can they have

A

hydrogen- 1 oxygen- 2 nitrogen- 3 carbon- 4

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2
Q

name 5 important properties of water and relate them to its structure

A

adhesion- the attraction between water molecules & surface molecules

cohesion- the attraction between water molecules caused by hydrogen bonds, leads to surface tension

good solvent- dissolves most substance

coolant- high specific heat capacity & latent heat

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3
Q

explain what a monomer is

A

a single unit

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4
Q

how do monomers form polymers

A

create glycosidic bonds and lose water (condensation reaction) with other monomers

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5
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

a single unit of sugar

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6
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

two sugar units joined to

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7
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

many sugars joined together

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8
Q

how are bonds formed in carbohydrates

A

condensation reactions

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9
Q

describe the structure of starch and how relates to its function

A

its made from
- amylose: made from 1,4 glycocidic bonds and forms a single coilled strand of alpha glucose which is easily broken down to use for energy

  • amylopectin: made from 1,4 and 1,6 glycocidic bonds .: branched. insoluble so it doesnt effect water potential amd is good for storage as it is compact due to the branches
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10
Q

describe the structure of glycogen and how relates to its function

A

very branched due to 1,4 and 1,6 glycocidic bond

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11
Q

describe the structure of cellulose and how relates to its function

A

straight due to 1,4 glycosidic bonds and alternating beta glucose molecules, for structural purpose in plant cells

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12
Q

how is a calibration curve used to find unknown concentrations

A

Where it crosses the x axis

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13
Q

what are the main principals of colorimetry

A

pfegbthy

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14
Q

describe the structure of triglycerides

A
  • made up of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids
  • glycerol is an alcohol and has 3 carbons & 3 -OH groups
  • fatty acids have a carboxyl group (-COOH) on one end, attached to a hydrocarbon tail
  • fatty acids are acids as they ionise to form H+ and -COO~
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15
Q

describe the structure of phospholipids

A

same as triglycerides but one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group

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16
Q

name and describe the bond in lipids

A

ester

17
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

A

Saturated- single bonds, solid

Unsaturated- double bonds, liquid

18
Q

test for proteins

A

Add beiurets solution

19
Q

test for lipids

A

Emulsification, and water and mix should become cloudy

20
Q

test for reducing sugars

A

benedicts solution and heat,

21
Q

test for non-reducing sugars

A

Add benedicts solution should be negative result then add HCL and heat (hydrolysis) then neutralise the acid with NaOH before adding benedicts solution

22
Q

test for starch

A

Iodine

23
Q

principals of chromatography

A

phrybgs

24
Q

Rf values

A

psbrg

25
Q

Primary structure of proteins & amino acids

A

Primary

  • sequence of amino acids
  • peptide bonds
26
Q

what is the difference between globular and fibrous proteins

A

Fibrous proteins are relatively long, thin and insoluble in water whereas globular proteins are relatively spherical and soluble in water

27
Q

name 4 important ions and their role in living organisms

A

Ca: muscle contractions
Na & K: nerve impulse transmission
K: open stomata

28
Q

secondary structure of proteins & amino acids

A
  • forms a helix shape or beta sheet chains that lie parallel to each other are joined by H bonds
  • bonds involved: peptide, hydrogen, alpha hydrogen bonds between O & H
29
Q

tertiary structure of proteins & amino acids

A

This is the folding of the protein into its shape. Coiling & folding brings R groups close to one another

H/ionic/disulphide bridges bonds between R groups hold twists/loops in place

30
Q

quaternary structure of proteins & amino acids

A
  • association of two or more individual proteins
  • R group interactions between submits
  • hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
31
Q

Similarities between fibrous and globular

A

They are all polypeptides encoded by DNA

consist of any combination of the 20 amino acids

32
Q

ROLES OF LIPIDS

TRIGLYCERIDES

Long term energy store

A

They are insoluble in water :. can be stored w/o affecting the wa

33
Q

describe the structure and properties of triglycerides

A

jfjf

34
Q

how are phospholipids formed

A
  • condensation reaction between an OH group on a phosphoric acid molecule and one of the three -OH groups on the glycerol forms an ester bond
35
Q

describe the structure and properties of phospholipids

A

dds

A-Level Biology (11 decks)

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