m2-3 quiz

Question 1

Mechanical stimuli excite mechanoreceptors in the skin by activating what type of membrane receptor?

A.	TTX sensitive sodium channels
B.	Trp channels
C.	Mechanosensitive ion channels
D.	G protein coupled receptors
E.	STOML3 protein

Answer 1

C. Mechanosensitive ion channels

Question 2

Central and peripheral vestibular disorders can be differentiated by

A. investigating gaze-evoked nystagmus
B. investigating antisaccades
C. performing a head-shaking nystagmus maneuver
D. eliciting the VOR manually in the patient
E. analyzing whether spontaneous nystagmus is suppressed by fixation or not

Answer 2

E. analyzing whether spontaneous nystagmus is suppressed by fixation or not

Question 3

The “neural integrator” in the brainstem and cerebellar flocculus

A. Transforms a saccade velocity signal into a tonic signal for gaze holding in eccentric positions
B. Is involved in generating vergence eye movements
C. Determines saccade velocity by integrating activity of neurons in oculomotor nuclei
D. Controls the vestibulo-ocular reflex
E. Controls accuracy of saccades

Answer 3

A. Transforms a saccade velocity signal into a tonic signal for gaze holding in eccentric positions

Question 4

Mechanical stimuli excite mechanoreceptors in the skin by exciting what type of membrane receptors?

A.	Voltage gated calcium channels
B.	Trp channels
C.	TTX insensitive sodium channels
D.	G protein coupled receptors
E.	Mechanosensitive ion channels

Answer 4

E. Mechanosensitive ion channels

Question 5

Slowly adapting type II receptors …. (indicate true statement)

A. fire irregularly to sustained mechanical stimuli
B. enable us to localize indentation stimuli very accurately
C. are associated with Merkel cells in the skin
D. evoke no sensory perception when stimulated alone
E. are very sensitive to vibration

Answer 5

D. evoke no sensory perception when stimulated alone

Question 6

Mechanical stimuli excite mechaoreceptors in the skin by exciting what type of membrane ion channels?

A.	TRP-V1 vanilloid receptor
B.	Mechanosensitive cation channels
C.	TTX insensitive voltage gated sodium channels
D.	A voltage gated calcium channel
E.	Metabotropic glutamate receptors

Answer 6

B. Mechanosensitive cation channels

Question 7

Which of the following eye movements changes images of the environment on the fovea?

A. Smooth pursuit
B. Vergence
C. Fixation
D. Saccades
E. Vestibulo-ocular reflex

Answer 7

D. Saccades

Question 8

Referred pain

A. Arises as a result of activity in sensory neurons innervating the viscera
B. Localizes the site of visceral injury very accurately
C. Indicates no underlying pathology and should be ignored
D. Is mediated by nociceptors that innervate simultaneously skin and visceral tissue
E. Is the empathic feeling we have when others are in pain

Answer 8

A. Arises as a result of activity in sensory neurons innervating the viscera

Question 9

Retinal information in V1 is initially segregated in:

A. In layers
B. Columns and layers
C. In columns and layers but only for the retinal M ganglion cells
D. In columns and layers but only for the retinal P ganglion cells
E. In columns

Answer 9

B. Columns and layers

Question 10

From the primary visual cortex (V1) information is conveyed further into the visual cortical system by two main pathways.
Which one is true?

A. None from the above.
B. The ventral pathway mainly processes spatial information.
C. The WHAT pathway projects towards the temporal cortex.
D. The WHAT pathway projects towards the parietal cortex.
E. The dorsal pathway mainly processes object recognition.

Answer 10

C. The WHAT pathway projects towards the temporal cortex.

Question 11

Irrepressible bursts of involuntary saccades (“ocular flutter / opsoclonus”)

A. indicate dysfunction of the prepontine paramedian reticular formation
B. occur with lesions affecting the oculomotor nuclei
C. indicate dysfunction of omnipause neurons in the nucleus raphe interpositus
D. occur with lesions affecting Brodmann’s area 46 in the prefrontal cortex
E. are a sign of frontal eye field dysfunction

Answer 11

C. indicate dysfunction of omnipause neurons in the nucleus raphe interpositus

Question 12

Wide dynamic range neurons…

1. have axons that do not project directly to the ventroposterior lateral portion of the thalamus
2. display no activity dependent plasticity
3. are found exclusively in lamina I of the spinal cord
4. code sensory discriminative aspects of noxious stimuli
5. receive primary afferent input exclusively from nociceptive sensory neurons

Answer 12

4. code sensory discriminative aspects of noxious stimuli

Question 13

The following structure is not involved in brainstem control of saccades:

1. Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi
2. Prepontine paramedian reticular formation
3. Nucleus principalis nervi trigemini
4. Nucleus raphe interpositus
5. Oculomotor nuclei

Answer 13

3. Nucleus principalis nervi trigemini

Question 14

What sensory fibre initiates the monosynaptic stretch reflex?

1. Type Ia proprioceptors
2. Type II golgi tendon organ receptors
3. Large myelinated Aβ-fibers
4. Sympathetic fibers
5. Thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers

Answer 14

1. Type Ia proprioceptors

Question 15

What afferent fiber type conveys first pinch sensation?

1. Thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers
2. α-motorneurons
3. Large myelinated Aβ-fibers
4. Sympathetic efferent fibers
5. Merkel disk afferent fibers

Answer 15

1. Thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers

Question 16

Slowly adapting type II receptors… (indicate true statement)

1. fire irregularly to sustained mechanical stimuli
2. enable us to localize indentation stimuli very accurately
3. are associated with Merkel cells in the skin
4. code skin stretch
5. are insensitive to vibration

Answer 16

4. code skin stretch

Question 17

One of these statements is WRONG : C-fiber nociceptors…

1. make direct synaptic connections only with glutamatergic interneurons within the superficial dorsal horn.
2. sometimes respond to skin cooling
3. can mediate flare response in the skin when activated
4. are often activated by algogenic chemicals
5. never respond to brush stimuli

Answer 17

1. make direct synaptic connections only with glutamatergic interneurons within the superficial dorsal horn.

Question 18

Inhibition of reflexive saccades is not:

1. controlled by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
2. visible at the patient’s bedside
3. investigated by antisaccade testing
4. dependent on omnipause neurons in the brainstem
5. dependent on Brodmann’s area 46

Answer 18

4. dependent on omnipause neurons in the brainstem

Question 19

The perceived luminance of an object depends principally

1. on the intensity of the light source
2. on the colour spectrum of the light source
3. on the motion speed of the object
4. on the location of the object in the visual field
5. on the contrast between the object and its background

Answer 19

5. on the contrast between the object and its background

Question 20

According to the dual pathway theory of cortical visual processing

1. the dorsal pathway is concerned with localizing where objects are and the ventral visual pathway with identifying what the objects are
2. information processed in the dorsal pathway is exclusively derived from magnocellular inputs and information processed in the ventral pathway exclusively from parvocellular inputs
3. the dorsal pathway is concerned with the processing of information from the lower visual field and the ventral visual pathway with information from the upper visual field
4. perceptual binding of different visual features, such as colour and motion, does not occur in humans because of segregated processing of these features in different pathways
5. visual information can only reach consciousness if it is processed in both the dorsal and the ventral pathways

Answer 20

1. the dorsal pathway is concerned with localizing where objects are and the ventral visual pathway with identifying what the objects are

Question 21

The perceived luminance of an object depends principally

1. on the intensity of the light source
2. on the colour spectrum of the light source
3. on the motion speed of the object
4. on the location of the object in the visual field
5. on the contrast between the object and its background

Answer 21

5. on the contrast between the object and its background

Question 22

It is possible to exclusively stimulate Pacinian corpuscle afferent neurons in humans

1. by injection of capsaicin into the skin
2. by applying a low amplitude 50 Hz stimulus to the skin
3. by applying a very small amplitude high frequency vibration to the skin.
4. by applying a very large amplitude low frequency vibration to the skin
5. by shouting very loud

Answer 22

3. by applying a very small amplitude high frequency vibration to the skin.

Question 23

Conscious visual perception

1. involves activation of the pineal gland
2. can be thought of as a one-to-one mapping of the visual input in the human brain
3. is independent of a priori knowledge and expectations
4. is an active interpretive process that involves multiple processing stages in the human brain
5. is best explained by a multistage feedforward process

Answer 23

4. is an active interpretive process that involves multiple processing stages in the human brain

Question 24

Conscious visual perception

1. involves activation of the pineal gland
2. can be thought of as a one-to-one mapping of the visual input in the human brain
3. is independent of a priori knowledge and expectations
4. is an active interpretive process that involves multiple processing stages in the human brain
5. is best explained by a multistage feedforward process

Answer 24

4. is an active interpretive process that involves multiple processing stages in the human brain

Question 25

Smooth pursuit eye movements 1. stabilize images on the fovea by compensating for brief head movements 2. are mainly controlled by the dorsal cerebellar vermis 3. stabilize images of stationary objects on the fovea 4. are controlled by an extensive cortico-subcortical network 5. are rarely impaired by cerebral lesions

Answer 25

4. are controlled by an extensive cortico-subcortical network

Question 26

What afferent fiber type conveys vibrotactile sensation? 1. Thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers 2. Large myelinated Aβ−fibers 3. Unmyelinated C-fibers 4. Sympathetic efferent fibers 5. Merkel disk afferent fibers

Answer 26

2. Large myelinated Aβ−fibers

Question 27

Indicate the true statement: Fast heat pain 1. appears in all individuals only when the skin is heated above 45oC 2. is dependent on the presence of TRPV1 3. is absent after mast cell degranulation 4. is mediated by AMH fibres in man 5. is not present in naked mole-rats

Answer 27

4. is mediated by AMH fibres in man

Question 28

Action potentials in mitral cells of the olfactory bulb 1. are always initiated at the axonal AP initiation zone 2. backpropagate into the dendrite, a process that can be physically modeled with the properties of a passive cable 3. result in glutamate release onto granular and periglomerular cells when they backpropagate and activate dendritic voltage gated Ca2+ channels 4. always fire at the same frequency 5. are boosted by dendritic Na+ anc K+ conductances when they backpropagate

Answer 28

3. result in glutamate release onto granular and periglomerular cells when they backpropagate and activate dendritic voltage gated Ca2+ channels

Question 29

Which statements are correct? A) the starting point of the travelling wave in the cochlea is important for the place-pitch coding B) loudness is coded by spike rate in the auditory nerve C) frequency tuning curves are similar for all auditory neurons D) the primary auditory cortex is tonotopically organised E) the hearing threshold in humans is similar at all frequencies 1. A-E, all are correct 2. just B is correct 3. just A and C are correct 4. just B and D are correct 5. just A, B, C and E are correct

Answer 29

4. just B and D are correct B) loudness is coded by spike rate in the auditory nerve D) the primary auditory cortex is tonotopically organised

Question 30

Impaired fixation suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex is a sign of 1. Diseases affecting the cerebellar flocculus and/or dorsal vermis 2. Diseases affecting the cerebellar hemispheres 3. Disturbed vergence 4. Lesions affecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 5. Parkinson’s disease

Answer 30

1. Diseases affecting the cerebellar flocculus and/or dorsal vermis

Question 31

Sensory neurons in the Dorsal root ganglia have myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Which class off fiber convey vibrotactile sensation? 1. Large myelinated A-fibers 2. Sympathetic efferent fibers 3. γ−motor fibers 4. Unmyelinated C-fibers 5. Thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers

Answer 31

1. Large myelinated A-fibers

Question 32

Complex cells in primary visual cortex ... 1. are characterized by a particularly complex dendrite structure. 2. are primarily found in layers 5 and 6. 3. usually receive input from only one simple cell. 4. have receptive fields with zones that are either clearly excitatory or inhibitory. 5. respond to the orientation of a stimulus, largely irrespective of its position within the receptive field.

Answer 32

5. respond to the orientation of a stimulus, largely irrespective of its position within the receptive field.

Question 33

Slowly adapting type I receptors... (indicate true statement) 1. do not show sustained firing to indentation stimuli 2. are uinimportant for texture discrimination 3. are associated with Meissners corpuscles in the skin 4. evoke no sensory perception when stimulated alone 5. are sensitive to vibration

Answer 33

5. are sensitive to vibration

Question 34

A group of olfactory receptor neurons with the same olfactory receptor usually projects to 1. the VPL nucleus in the thalamus 2. the superior cervical ganglion 3. 2 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb 4. 2000 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb 5. the dorsal cochlear nucleus

Answer 34

3. 2 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb

Question 35

In the olfactory bulb, a sister cell 1. is a mitral cell of X-chromosomal lineage 2. is an interneuron connected to a mitral cell 3. is the presynaptic olfactory sensory neuron projecting to the mitral cell 4. is another mitral cell connected to the same glomerulus 5. is a postsynaptic cell in the piriform cotex

Answer 35

1. is a mitral cell of X-chromosomal lineage

Question 36

Retinal information in V1 is initially segregated in: 1. In columns 2. In layers 3. In columns and layers but only for the retinal M ganglion cells 4. In columns and layers but only for the retinal P ganglion cells 5. Columns and layers

Answer 36

5. Columns and layers

Question 37

Which statements are correct? 1. humans can generally hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 18 kHz 2. the anatomical structure in which the primary auditory cortex is located is also called Heshl’s gyrus 3. the main speech range in humans lies between 250 Hz and 3000 Hz 4. a temperature adjustment occurs in the middle ear between the air filled outer ear and the liquid filled inner ear 5. a spectral analysis of complex acoustic signals takes place in the cochlea 1. just 1 and 3 are correct 2. just 2 is correct 3. 1-5, all are correct 4. just 1, 2, 3 and 5 are correct 5. just 2 and 4 are correct

Answer 37

4. just 1, 2, 3 and 5 are correct

Question 38

Which of the following statements is correct? 1. Neurons in V1 are direction selective but not orientation selective. 2. Only V1 neurons that have an On-Off receptive field are orientation selective and direction selective. 3. Neurons in V1 are orientation selective and direction selective. 4. Neurons in V1 are orientation selective but not direction selective. 5. Only V1 neurons that have a center-surround receptive field are orientation selective and direction selective.

Answer 38

3. Neurons in V1 are orientation selective and direction selective.

Question 39

Impaired inhibition of (unwanted) reflexive saccades is a sign of 1. Basal ganglia disorders 2. Vestibular disease 3. Lesions affecting the frontal eye fields 4. Lesions affecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 5. Cerebellar disease

Answer 39

4. Lesions affecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 40

Primary visual cortex is functionally organized in 1. stripes and nuclei 2. columns for parvocellular input and layers for magnocellular input 3. layers, columns, and blobs 4. monocular, binocular and interocular layers 5. dorsal and ventral layers

Answer 40

3. layers, columns, and blobs