- an overlay between 2 frequencies - have areas where 2 waves are in phase, constructive interference --> hear sound - have areas where 2 waves are not in phase, destructive interference --> do not hear a sound

Auditory + Vestibular system - Basta Flashcards by Zoe Kruschke

What are 3 evolutionary advantages of hearing?

early detection of enemies
detection of prey
complex communication bw group members

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What is detected by the auditory sense if we hear a sound?

-fast local pressure changes

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What does the frequency of a sound represent?

pitch (due to wavelength)

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What does the amplitude/intensity of a sound represent?

loudness

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What is a ‘beat’?

an overlay between 2 frequencies
have areas where 2 waves are in phase, constructive interference –> hear sound
have areas where 2 waves are not in phase, destructive interference –> do not hear a sound

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What hearing organs are unique to insects?

Johnston organ –> detects pressure changes in the enviro

- Tympanal organ –> part of the development of the true tympanic membrane

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Which of the following are true?
Hearing in amphibians…

A. involves the Johnston organ
B. involves a hearing organ and a vestibular organ
C. involves a hearing organ only
D. involves a cochlea
E. involves a perilymphatic space high in Na+, and an Endolymphatic space high in K+

B. involves a hearing organ and a vestibular organ
D. involves a cochlea
E. involves a perilymphatic space high in Na+, and an Endolymphatic space high in K+

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Birds have a scala media, a scala vestibuli, and an oval window.

A. true
B. false

A. true

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Mammals have…

A. an external ear canal
B. a middle ear
C. a Tympanic membrane
D. a cochlea and a vestibular organ
E. all of the above

E. all of the above

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What is the hearing range for speech (in dB) and why is it important?

0-20dB

-important because this range is the area of best hearing

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What are the bones of the middle ear and which one is the second space of amplification?

malleus
incus
stapes –> the second space of amplification. Is connected to the oval window - cochlea

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What are the components of the organ of corti?

Scala tympani
Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Stria vascularis

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The outer hair cell is involved in activating APs while the inner hair cell is involved in amplification.

A. true
B. false

B. false

The outer hair cell is actually involved in amplification while the inner hair cell is involved in activating APs .

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Select the true statements.
In outer hair cells…

A. a contracted cell –> depolarization
B. a contracted cell –> hyperpolarization
C. an elongated cell –> depolarization
D. an elongated cell –> hyperpolarization
E. the function is to amplify mechanical signals

A. a contracted cell –> depolarization
D. an elongated cell –> hyperpolarization
E. the function is to amplify mechanical signals

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In damage due to hearing loss, the outer hair cells are the first to be damaged, and the sound must be much louder to get the same sensation as in a normal hearing patient. What shift in dB does this damage cause?

a shift of around 40 dB

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In diagnostics…

A. if you’re using bone conduction, the sound is transmitted via the middle ear
B. if you’re using air conduction, the sound is transmitted via the middle ear
C. if you’re using bone conduction, the sound is not transmitted via the middle ear, only via bones –> cochlea
D. if you’re using air conduction, the sound is not transmitted via the middle ear, only via bones –> cochlea

B. if you’re using air conduction, the sound is transmitted via the middle ear
C. if you’re using bone conduction, the sound is not transmitted via the middle ear, only via bones –> cochlea

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What is correct about mechanical-electrical transduction in inner hair cells?

A. mvmt to the right = depolarization
B. mvmt to the left = hyperpolarization
C. depolarization decreases frequency
D. hyperpolarization is inhibitory
E. all of the above

A. mvmt to the right = depolarization
B. mvmt to the left = hyperpolarization
D. hyperpolarization is inhibitory

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What is an electro-cochlear-gram useful for and what does it measure?

can be used to check different phases of the auditory system (depolarization vs. AP)
cochlear microphonics (CM)
-> when hair cells are depolarized, can check if depolarization is happening properly
can check neurons, see if they respond to the sound

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What of the following regarding loudness coding is true?

A. it already takes place at the auditory nerve
B. may be tonic –> constant response, stable level over time
C. may be phasic –> additional excitation at the beginning of the stimulus, inhibitory at the end
D. assess the number of APs taking place at 1 single nerve fiber
E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Why is phasic coding important?

It takes place because the cell may be damaged if an AP stays constant at a too high level for too long
-part of adaptation

Select the true statements.

A. frequency coding occurs by location only
B. frequency coding occurs by phase locking only
C. frequency coding can occur by location, but is mostly done by phase locking
D. frequency coding is done by phase locking and by location
E. in humans, location is mainly responsible for frequency coding

D. frequency coding is done by phase locking and by location

E. in humans, location is mainly responsible for frequency coding

In the cochlear nucleus, what cells are found in the Dorsal cochlear nucleus and what cells are found in the Anteroventral cochlear nucleus?

Dorsal cochlear nucleus
-fusiform cells

Anteroventral cochlear nucleus

bushy cells
stellate cells
octopus cells

The ventral thalamus is a relay structure for frequency, intensity, and duration of an auditory signal.

A. true
B. false

A. true

What is tinnitus?

an overrepresentation/misrepresentation of a certain frequency
phantom sound
conflicts in the analysis of sound features
an unexplained constant buzzing/ringing sound
neural plasticity and overrepresentation

Describe what happens at each of the following structures of the lower auditory pathway: 1. cochlear nucleus 2. olivary system 3. midbrain (lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus)

1. cochlear nucleus - receives input from the same side - differentiation of sound features 2. olivary system - receives input from both ears to localize the sound 3. midbrain (lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus) - integration of all sound features - inhibition of auditory reflexes (behavioural)

Describe what happens at each of the following structures of the higher auditory pathway: 1. medial geniculate body (thalamus) 2. auditory cortex

1. medial geniculate body (thalamus) - relay stations for different perception tasks (eg. communication, fear, stress) - connected to different areas (hippocampus, amygdala) 2. auditory cortex - perception of sound - connects to contralateral auditory cortex/hemisphere

The cochlear system is older than the vestibular system. A. true B. false

B. false

The semicircular canals are responsible for the detection of angular velocity. A. true B. false

A. true

Select all the true statements. A. In the vestibular system there are also hair cells, categorized as type I and type II cells B. Type I cells are smaller C. Type II cells are bigger D. Hair cells are deflected during head movements E. Type II cells modulate responses during head movements

A. In the vestibular system there are also hair cells, categorized as type I and type II cells D. Hair cells are deflected during head movements E. Type II cells modulate responses during head movements

Describe the perception of gravity in relation to the vestibular system.

- receptors detect linear acceleration (eg. gravity) - hair cells in the sacculus - responsible for vertical plane - in the utricle - horizontal plane - if these hair cells are lost, they do not regenerate. - detection of gravity involves Otoconia

What is Otoconia?

- otoconia are calcium carbonate stones coupled to sensory hair cells in the ultricle and saccule - are essential to sense linear acceleration and gravity for the purpose of maintaining bodily balance - loss of these stones from the utriculus --> most common disease, affects the posterior semi-circular canal

What brain area is considered the vestibular cortex?

- the parietoinsular cortex (PIVC) = vestibular assoc cortical area - integration of all multisensory inputs - close connection to the hippocampus --> space maps, learning

What is the process that occurs if the ear is overstimulated?

- 1st outer hair cells are lost due to their close connection with the tectonic membrane - prolonged exposure leads to the loss of inner hair cells --> deafness

Which of the following are true? A. noise induced hearing loss is often accompanied by a loss of discrimination ability B. noise induced hearing loss is not often accompanied by a loss of discrimination ability C. improving discrimination ability can be easily done with hearing aids D. noise exposure can lead to remarkable changes in physiology within the central auditory pathway

A. noise induced hearing loss is often accompanied by a loss of discrimination ability D. noise exposure can lead to remarkable changes in physiology within the central auditory pathway

Why is Manganese-enhanced 7-tesla-MRI a smart method?

- a good way to structurally image because manganese ions easily cross the BBB and agonise the Ca2+ influx into the cell during pre-synaptic activaition - the resulting MRI-T1 signal contrast depends largely on intracellular concentraction of manganese ions which show a slow clearance over time

In an experiment with mice, a permanent threshold shift group had noise exposure for 1 week that led to permanent changes, while a temporary threshold shift group only had one noise exposure and no permanent changes. What were the structural results of this experiment?

- cell survival was greatly reduced in the permanent threshold shift group - cell density was decreased in the medial geniculate body in the permanent threshold shift group - cell density was only significantly decreased in layers 4, 5, and 6 in the primary auditory cortex in the permanent threshold shift group

Why are noise induced changes in the primary auditory cortex most prominent in layers 4, 5, and 6?

- because layers 1-3 receive their afferents mainly from intracortical projections (extrinsic or callosal) - whereas layers 4-6 receive the most afferents from the MGB

What decibel level is considered to cause deafness?

> 100 dB

Why is the usage of auditory prosthesis increasing?

- demographic changes, a higher portion of younger patients (who live their life at 'full volume') - more sophisticated and smaller hearing aids increases usage in younger generations

Select the true statements regarding hearing loss and auditory prosthesis. A. Conduction block occurs in 80 % of all hearing impaired patients. B. Total loss of conduction occurs at 50-55 dB C. An otosclerotic conduction block is a passive middle ear prosthetic D. Prosethesis of the middle ear bones are possible E. Otosclerosis is the reduced mobility of the stapes foot plate

B. Total loss of conduction occurs at 50-55 dB D. Prosethesis of the middle ear bones are possible E. Otosclerosis is the reduced mobility of the stapes foot plate

Which of the following are true? A. Conduction block occurs in 80% of all hearing impaired patients. B. Conduction block occurs in 10% of all hearing impaired patients. C. Inner ear related hearing loss occurs in 80% of all hearing impaired patients. D. Inner ear related hearing loss occurs in 10% of all hearing impaired patients. E. Central hearing loss occurs in 10% of all hearing impaired patients.

B. Conduction block occurs in 10% of all hearing impaired patients. C. Inner ear related hearing loss occurs in 80% of all hearing impaired patients. E. Central hearing loss occurs in 10% of all hearing impaired patients.

What are potential causes of inner ear related hearing loss?

- congenital (eg. connexin mutation) - infection (eg. meningitis) - accident (eg. temporal bone fracture) - NOISE

What are potential causes of central hearing loss?

- acoustic neuroma - neurofibromatosis 2 - seizures within the central auditory structures

Which of the following are disadvantages of conventional hearing aids? ``` A. occlusion B. signal feedback C. risk of ear canal infections D. non-linear resonance E. too much amplification ```

A. occlusion B. signal feedback C. risk of ear canal infections D. non-linear resonance

Which of the following types of auditory prosthesis uses existing nature rather than introduces something new? A. Malleus prosthesis B. Bone Anchored Hearing Aid C. Soundbridge D. conventional hearing aids

C. Soundbridge

Which of the following type of aid is used when there has been too much damage for amplifiers to be effective? ``` A. Malleus prosthesis B. Bone Anchored Hearing Aid C. Soundbridge D. cochlear implants E. conventional hearing aids ```

D. cochlear implants

Which of the following are implants used in the auditory pathway in cases of lots of damage? ``` A. cochlear implants B. vestibular implants C. midbrain implants D. thalamic implants E. brainstem implants ```

A. cochlear implants C. midbrain implants E. brainstem implants