M18-23 VOCAB Flashcards
the theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth
Theory of demographic transition
the state of having plentiful wealth including the possession of money, goods, or property
Affluence
the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control
Family planning
an equation used to estimate the impact of the human lifestyle on the environment: impact=population X affluence X technology
IPAT equation
a measure of the value of all products and services produced in 1 year in 1 country
Gross domestic product (GDP)
an area that contains more than 386 people per square kilometer (1k/square mile)
Urban area
the study of human populations and population trends
Demography
a scientist in the field of demography
Demographer
the movement of people into a country or regions, from another country or region
Immigration
the movement of people out of a country or region
Emigration
the number of births per 1,000 individuals per year
Crude birth rate (CBR)
the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year
Crude death rate (CDR)
the number of years it takes a population to double
Doubling time
an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years
Total fertility rate (TFR)
the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size
Replacement-level fertility
a country with relatively high levels of industrialization and income
Developed country
a country with relatively low levels of industrialization and income
Developing country
the average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average lifespan and death rate in that country
Life expectancy
the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births
Infant mortality
the number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births
Child mortality
the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country
Net migration rate
a visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females
Age structure diagram
an age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, typical of developing countries
Population pyramid
continues population growth after reduction measures have been implemented
Population momentum
the predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time
Ecological succession
ecological succession occurring on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil
Primary succession
the succession of plant life that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil
Secondary succession
a species that can colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine
Pioneer species
historically described as the final stage of succession
Climax community
a theory that demonstrates the duel importance of habitat size and distance in determining species richness
Theory of island biogeography-
the study of interactions between species
Community ecology
the relationship between two species that live in close association with each other
Symbiotic relationship
the struggle of individuals to obtain a shared limiting resource
Competition
when 2 species divide a resource based on differences in their behaviour morphology
Resource partitioning
the principle stating that 2 species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist
Competitive exclusion principle
an interaction in which one animal typically kills and consumes another animal
Predation
a specialized type of predator that lays eggs inside other organisms (hosts)
Parasitoid
an interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism
Parasitism
a parasite that causes disease in its host
Pathogen
an interaction in which an animal consumes a producer
Herbivory
an interaction between 2 species that increases the chances of survival or reproduction for both species
Mutualism
a relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped
Commensalism
a species that is not very abundant but has large effects on an ecological community
Keystone species
mathematical equations that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time
Population growth models
the number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual or its offspring during the same period
Population growth rate
the maximum potential for growth of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources
Intrinsic growth rate (r)
(Nt=N0ert)a growth model that estimates a population’s future size (Nt) after a period of time (t), based on (r) and the number of reproducing individuals in the population (N0)
Exponential growth model
the curve of the exponential growth model when graphed
J-shaped curve
a growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment
Logistic growth model
the shape of the logistic growth model when graphed
S-shaped curve
when a population becomes larger than the environment’s carry capacity
Overshoot
a rapid decline in a population due to death
Die-off
a species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity
K-selected species
a graph that represents the distinct patterns of species survival as a function of age
Survivorship curve
a pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age
Type 1 survivorship curve
a pattern of survival over time in which there is a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life span
Type II survivorship curve
a pattern of survival over time in which there is low survivorship early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood
Type III survivorship curve
strips of natural habitat that connect populations
Corridor
a group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them
Metapopulation
when individuals with similar genotypes-typically relatives-breed with each other and produce offspring that have an impaired ability to survive and reproduce
Inbreeding depression
the individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area at a particular time
Population
all of the populations of organisms within a given area
Community
the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease
Population ecology
the number of individuals per unit area at a given time
Population density
a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another
Population distribution
the ratio of males to females in a population
Sex ratio
a description of how many individuals fit into particular age categories in a population
Age structure
a resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size
Limiting resource
a factor that influences an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population
Density-dependent factor
the limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain
Carrying capacity (K)
a factor that has the same effect on an individual’s probability of survival and the amount of reproduction at any population size
Density-independent factor
the total number of individuals within a designed area at a given time
Population size (N)
