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APES > M18-23 VOCAB > Flashcards

M18-23 VOCAB Flashcards

1
Q

the theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth

A

Theory of demographic transition

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2
Q

the state of having plentiful wealth including the possession of money, goods, or property

A

Affluence

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3
Q

the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control

A

Family planning

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4
Q

an equation used to estimate the impact of the human lifestyle on the environment: impact=population X affluence X technology

A

IPAT equation

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5
Q

a measure of the value of all products and services produced in 1 year in 1 country

A

Gross domestic product (GDP)

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6
Q

an area that contains more than 386 people per square kilometer (1k/square mile)

A

Urban area

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7
Q

the study of human populations and population trends

A

Demography

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8
Q

a scientist in the field of demography

A

Demographer

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9
Q

the movement of people into a country or regions, from another country or region

A

Immigration

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10
Q

the movement of people out of a country or region

A

Emigration

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11
Q

the number of births per 1,000 individuals per year

A

Crude birth rate (CBR)

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12
Q

the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year

A

Crude death rate (CDR)

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13
Q

the number of years it takes a population to double

A

Doubling time

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14
Q

an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years

A

Total fertility rate (TFR)

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15
Q

the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size

A

Replacement-level fertility

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16
Q

a country with relatively high levels of industrialization and income

A

Developed country

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17
Q

a country with relatively low levels of industrialization and income

A

Developing country

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18
Q

the average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average lifespan and death rate in that country

A

Life expectancy

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19
Q

the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births

A

Infant mortality

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20
Q

the number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births

A

Child mortality

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21
Q

the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country

A

Net migration rate

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22
Q

a visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females

A

Age structure diagram

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23
Q

an age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, typical of developing countries

A

Population pyramid

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24
Q

continues population growth after reduction measures have been implemented

A

Population momentum

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25
Q

the predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time

A

Ecological succession

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26
Q

ecological succession occurring on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil

A

Primary succession

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27
Q

the succession of plant life that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil

A

Secondary succession

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28
Q

a species that can colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine

A

Pioneer species

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29
Q

historically described as the final stage of succession

A

Climax community

30
Q

a theory that demonstrates the duel importance of habitat size and distance in determining species richness

A

Theory of island biogeography-

31
Q

the study of interactions between species

A

Community ecology

32
Q

the relationship between two species that live in close association with each other

A

Symbiotic relationship

33
Q

the struggle of individuals to obtain a shared limiting resource

A

Competition

34
Q

when 2 species divide a resource based on differences in their behaviour morphology

A

Resource partitioning

35
Q

the principle stating that 2 species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist

A

Competitive exclusion principle

36
Q

an interaction in which one animal typically kills and consumes another animal

A

Predation

37
Q

a specialized type of predator that lays eggs inside other organisms (hosts)

A

Parasitoid

38
Q

an interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism

A

Parasitism

39
Q

a parasite that causes disease in its host

A

Pathogen

40
Q

an interaction in which an animal consumes a producer

A

Herbivory

41
Q

an interaction between 2 species that increases the chances of survival or reproduction for both species

A

Mutualism

42
Q

a relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped

A

Commensalism

43
Q

a species that is not very abundant but has large effects on an ecological community

A

Keystone species

44
Q

mathematical equations that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time

A

Population growth models

45
Q

the number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual or its offspring during the same period

A

Population growth rate

46
Q

the maximum potential for growth of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources

A

Intrinsic growth rate (r)

47
Q

(Nt=N0ert)a growth model that estimates a population’s future size (Nt) after a period of time (t), based on (r) and the number of reproducing individuals in the population (N0)

A

Exponential growth model

48
Q

the curve of the exponential growth model when graphed

A

J-shaped curve

49
Q

a growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment

A

Logistic growth model

50
Q

the shape of the logistic growth model when graphed

A

S-shaped curve

51
Q

when a population becomes larger than the environment’s carry capacity

A

Overshoot

52
Q

a rapid decline in a population due to death

A

Die-off

53
Q

a species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity

A

K-selected species

54
Q

a graph that represents the distinct patterns of species survival as a function of age

A

Survivorship curve

55
Q

a pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age

A

Type 1 survivorship curve

56
Q

a pattern of survival over time in which there is a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life span

A

Type II survivorship curve

57
Q

a pattern of survival over time in which there is low survivorship early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood

A

Type III survivorship curve

58
Q

strips of natural habitat that connect populations

A

Corridor

59
Q

a group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them

A

Metapopulation

60
Q

when individuals with similar genotypes-typically relatives-breed with each other and produce offspring that have an impaired ability to survive and reproduce

A

Inbreeding depression

61
Q

the individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area at a particular time

A

Population

62
Q

all of the populations of organisms within a given area

A

Community

63
Q

the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease

A

Population ecology

64
Q

the number of individuals per unit area at a given time

A

Population density

65
Q

a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another

A

Population distribution

66
Q

the ratio of males to females in a population

A

Sex ratio

67
Q

a description of how many individuals fit into particular age categories in a population

A

Age structure

68
Q

a resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size

A

Limiting resource

69
Q

a factor that influences an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population

A

Density-dependent factor

70
Q

the limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain

A

Carrying capacity (K)

71
Q

a factor that has the same effect on an individual’s probability of survival and the amount of reproduction at any population size

A

Density-independent factor

72
Q

the total number of individuals within a designed area at a given time

A

Population size (N)

APES (5 decks)

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