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APES > APES TERMS > Flashcards

APES TERMS Flashcards

1
Q

the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life

A

environment

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2
Q

the field of study that looks at interactions amount human systems and those found in nature

A

environmental science

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3
Q

a particular location on earth with interacting biotic and abiotic components

A

ecosystem

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4
Q

living

A

biotic

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5
Q

nonliving

A

abiotic

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6
Q

a social movement that seeks to protect the environment through lobbying, activism and education

A

environmentalism

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7
Q

the process by which life supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced

A

ecosystem services

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8
Q

an indicator that describes the current state of an environmental system

A

Environmental indicator

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9
Q

the diversity of life forms in an environment

A

Biodiversity

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10
Q

a measure of the genetic variation among individuals in a population

A

Genetic Diversity

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11
Q

A group of organisms that is distinct from other groups in its morphology (body form and structure), behavior, or biochemical properties

A

species

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12
Q

the number of species in a region or in a particular ecosystem

A

species diversity

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13
Q

the evolution of new species

A

speciation

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14
Q

the average rate at which species become extinct over the long term

A

background extinction rate

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15
Q

gases in the Earth’s atmosphere that trap heat near the surface

A

greenhouse gases

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16
Q

derived from human activities

A

anthropogenic

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17
Q

amount per each person in a country or unit of population

A

per capita

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18
Q

improvement in human well-being through economic advancement

A

development

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19
Q

living on earth in a way that allows humans to use its resources without depriving future generations of those resources

A

sustainability

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20
Q

development that balances current human well-being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations

A

Sustainable development

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21
Q

love of life

A

biophilia

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22
Q

a measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in area of land

A

ecological footprint

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23
Q

an objective method to explore the natural world, draw inferences from it, and predict the outcome of certain events, processes or changes

A

scientific method

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24
Q

a testable conjecture about how something works

A

hypothesis

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25
Q

any categories, conditions, factos, or traits that differ in the natural world or in experimental situations

A

variable

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26
Q

a variable that is not dependent on other factors

A

independent variable

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27
Q

a variable that is dependent on other factors

A

dependent variable

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28
Q

a prediction that there is not difference between the groups or conditions that are being compared

A

null hypothesis

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29
Q

the data collection procedure of taking repeated measurements

A

replication

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30
Q

the number of times a measurement is replicated in a data collection

A

Sample size (n)

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31
Q

how close a measured value is to the actual or true value

A

accuracy

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32
Q

how close the repeated measurements of a sample are to one another

A

precision

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33
Q

an estimate of how much a measured or calculated value differs from a true value

A

uncertainty

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34
Q

a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple groups of researchers and has reached wide acceptance

A

theory

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35
Q

in a scientific investigation, a group that experiences exactly the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the single variable under study

A

control group

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36
Q

a natural event that acts as an experimental treatment in an ecosystem

A

natural experiment

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37
Q

anything that occupies space and has mass

A

matter

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38
Q

a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains

A

mass

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39
Q

the smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element

A

atoms

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40
Q

a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components

A

elements

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41
Q

a chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties

A

periodic table

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42
Q

a particle that contains more than one atom

A

molecule

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43
Q

a molecule containing more than one element

A

compound

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44
Q

the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element

A

atomic number

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45
Q

a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element

A

mass number

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46
Q

atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

A

isotopes

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47
Q

the spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes

A

radioactive decay

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48
Q

the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay

A

half-life

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49
Q

the bond formed when elements share electrons

A

covalent bond

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50
Q

a chemical bond between two ions of opposite charges

A

ionic bond

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51
Q

a weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule

A

hydrogen bond

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52
Q

a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative

A

polar molecule

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53
Q

a property of water that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water and that creates a sort of skin on the water’s surface

A

surface tension

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54
Q

a property of water that occurs when adhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger than cohesion between the molecules

A

capillary action

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55
Q

a substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution

A

acid

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56
Q

a substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution

A

base

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57
Q

the number that indicates the relative strength of acids and bases in a substance

A

pH

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58
Q

an increase in the acidity of the oceans

A

ocean acidification

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59
Q

a reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules

A

chemical reaction

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60
Q

a law of nature stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form

A

Law of conservation of matter

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61
Q

a compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen

A

inorganic compounds

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62
Q

a compound that contains carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds

A

organic compound

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63
Q

a compound composed of C, H, & O atoms

A

carbohydrate

64
Q

a critical component of living organisms made of a long chain of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known a amino acids

A

protein

65
Q

organic compounds found in all living cells

A

nucleic acid

66
Q

a nucleic acid, the genetic material that contains the code for reproducing the component of the next generation, and which organisms pass on to their offspring

A

DNA

67
Q

a nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA< which makes protein synthesis possible

A

RNA

68
Q

a smaller organic biological molecule that does not mix with water

A

lipid

69
Q

a highly organized living entity that consists of the four types of macromolecules and other substances in a watery solution, surrounded by a membrane

A

cell

70
Q

the ability to do work or transfer heat

A

energy

71
Q

the amount of energy used when a 1-watt electrical device is turned on for 1 second

A

joule

72
Q

the rate at which work is done

A

power

73
Q

a form of energy emitted by the sun that includes visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy

A

electromagnetic radiation

74
Q

a massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light

A

photon

75
Q

stored energy that has not been released

A

potential energy

76
Q

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

A

chemical energy

77
Q

energy of motion

A

kinetic energy

78
Q

the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance

A

temperature

79
Q

a physical law which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another

A

1st law of Thermodynamics

80
Q

a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified; adapts to change

A

positive feedback loop

81
Q

he physical law stating that when energy is transformed, the quality of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

A

2nd law of Thermodynamics

82
Q

the ratio of the amount of energy expended in the form you want to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system

A

energy efficiency

83
Q

the ease at which an energy source can be used for work

A

energy quality

84
Q

randomness in a system

A

entropy

85
Q

a system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries

A

open system

86
Q

a system in which matter and energy exchanges do not occur across boundaries

A

closed system

87
Q

an addition to a system

A

input

88
Q

a loss from a system

A

output

89
Q

determines input, outputs, and changes in a system under various conditions

A

system analysis

90
Q

a state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time

A

steady state

91
Q

a feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring; no change

A

negative feedback loop

92
Q

the region of our planet where life resides, the combination of all ecosystems on earth

A

biosphere

93
Q

an organism that uses the energy of the sun to produce usable forms of energy

A

producer

94
Q

the process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose

A

photosynthesis

95
Q

the process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds

A

cellular respiration

96
Q

the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide and water

A

aerobic respiration

97
Q

the process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the absence of oxygen

A

anaerobic respiration

98
Q

an organism that is incapable of photosynthesis and must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms

A

consumer

99
Q

a consumer that eats producers

A

herbivore

100
Q

consumers that eats other consumers

A

carnivore

101
Q

a carnivore that eats primary consumers

A

secondary consumer

102
Q

a carnivore that eats secondary consumers

A

tertiary

103
Q

the successive levels of organisms consuming one another

A

trophic levels

104
Q

the sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers

A

food chain

105
Q

a complex model of how energy and matter move between trophic levels

A

food web

106
Q

an organism that consumes dead animals

A

scavenger

107
Q

an organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles

A

detritivore

108
Q

fungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystem

A

decomposers

109
Q

the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time

A

Gross Primary Productivity(GPP)

110
Q

the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire

A

Net primary productivity (NPP)

111
Q

the total mass of all living matter in a specific area

A

biomass

112
Q

the amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time

A

standing crop

113
Q

the proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another

A

ecological efficiency

114
Q

a representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels

A

trophic pyramid

115
Q

the movements of matter within and between ecosystems

A

biogeochemical cycle

116
Q

the movements of matter within and between ecosystems

A

hydrologic cycle

117
Q

the release of water from leaves during photosynthesis

A

transpiration

118
Q

the combined amount of evaporation and transpiration

A

evapotranspiration

119
Q

water that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers

A

runoff

120
Q

the movement of carbon around the biosphere

A

carbon cycle

121
Q

one of six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts; N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

A

macronutrient

122
Q

a nutrient required for the growth of an organism but available in a lower quantity than other nutrients

A

limiting nutrient

123
Q

the movement of N around the biosphere

A

nitrogen cycle

124
Q

the process that converts nitrogen gas in the atmosphere (N2) into forms of N that producers can use

A

nitrogen fixation

125
Q

the conversion of ammonia (NH4+) into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-)

A

nitrification

126
Q

the process by which producers incorporate elements into their tissues

A

assimilation

127
Q

the process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into organic compounds

A

mineralization

128
Q

the process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic N found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic ammonium (NH4+)

A

ammonification

129
Q

the conversion of nitrate in a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and eventually N gas (N2) which is emitted into the atmosphere

A

denitrification

130
Q

the transportation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater

A

leaching

131
Q

the movement of P around the biosphere

A

phosphorus cycle

132
Q

a rapid increase in the algal population of a waterway

A

algal bloom

133
Q

low oxygen

A

hypoxic

134
Q

when oxygen concentrations become so low that it kills fish and other aquatic life

A

dead zone

135
Q

the movement of sulfur in the biosphere

A

sulfur cycle

136
Q

an event, caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents, resulting in changes in population size or community composition

A

disturbance

137
Q

a measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem

A

resistance

138
Q

the rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance

A

resilience

139
Q

the study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems

A

restoration ecology

140
Q

all land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, river, lake, or wetland

A

watershed

141
Q

the hypothesis that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbances are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels

A

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

142
Q

a layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of Earth, extending approximately 16km (10 miles)

A

troposphere

143
Q

the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, extending roughly 16-50km (10-31 miles) above the earth’s surface

A

stratosphere

144
Q

the percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface

A

albedo

145
Q

the maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature

A

saturation point

146
Q

the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands

A

adiabatic cooling

147
Q

the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of earth and decreases in volume

A

adiabatic heating

148
Q

the release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water

A

latent heat release

149
Q

global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of earth

A

Atmospheric convection current

150
Q

a convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30° N and 30° S

A

Hadley Cell

151
Q

the latitude that receives the most intense sunlight, which causes the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells to converge

A

Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)

152
Q

a convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60°N and 60°S and sinks at the poles 90°N and 90°S

A

Polar cell

153
Q

a convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells

A

Ferell Cell

154
Q

the deflection of an object’s path due to the rotation of earth

A

coriolis effect

155
Q

a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side

A

rain shadow

156
Q
A

APES (5 decks)

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