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M103 T1 > M103 T1 L4 > Flashcards

M103 T1 L4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?`

A

Blood enters the heart via right atrium from it and receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava

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2
Q

How many cusps do semi-lunar valves have?

A

3

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3
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior mediastinum?

A

anterior: posterior pericardium
posterior: vertebrae T5-12
lateral: mediastinal pleura
superior: transverse thoracic plane

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4
Q

What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?

A 
oesophagus
thoracic aorta
azygos system of veins
thoracic duct
vagus nerve
sympathetic trunk
splanchnic nerves
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5
Q

Where do the preganglionic sympathetic fibres above T5/6 ganglia leave and synapse?

A

they leave the spinal cord (white rami communicantes) and synapse at a paravertebral ganglion

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6
Q

Where are the preganglionic sympathetic fibres below T5/6 ganglia located?

A

they leave the spinal cord (white rami communicantes) and enter the ganglion but don’t synapse

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7
Q

Where do the greater splanchnic nerves arise from?

A

the sympathetic trunk and paravertebral ganglia at level T5-9

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8
Q

Where is the vagus nerve located?

A

starts at the cranial nerve

enters the superior mediastinum posterior to sterno-clavicular joint

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9
Q

What does the right vagus supply?

A

most muscles associated with the pharynx and larynx

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10
Q

What are the branches of the thoracic descending aorta? (BOP.SSp.Pib)

A

bronchial, oesophageal, pericardial
subcostal, superior phrenic
posterior intercostal branch

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11
Q

What specific veins drain deoxygenated blood into and out of the azygos vein? (HavPivByVv)

A

hemiazygos veins
posterior intercostal veins
bronchial veins
vertebral venous plexus

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12
Q

Where does the hemi-azygos vein originate from? (LALV)

A

the left ascending lumbar vein, left renal vein, or both

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13
Q

Where does the thoracic duct originate from?

A

the cisterna chyli in the abdomen

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14
Q

What are the three normal constrictions of the oesophagus? (CAT)

A

Cervical constriction
Abdominal constriction
Thoracic constriction

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15
Q

What is the oesophagus innervated by?

A

vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk via oesophageal plexus

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16
Q

What are the structures that travel from the superior mediastinum into the posterior? (TAPOV)

A 
Thoracic duct
Aorta
Phrenic nerve
Oesophagus
Vagus nerve
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17
Q

What are the four ganglia of the sympathetic trunk? (CTLS)

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

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18
Q

Where are the POSTganglionic sympathetic fibres of the ganglia ABOVE T5/6 located?

A

they leave the ganglion (grey rami communicantes) and pass to the pulmonary, cardiac and esophageal plexi

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19
Q

What type of fibres and information does the sympathetic fibres carry?

A

efferent fibers - travel from the ganglion to different plexi
afferent fibres - sensory information from the thoracic viscera back to the brain

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20
Q

How many types of splanchnic nerves are there?

A

5

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21
Q

Where do the lesser and least splanchnic nerves arise from?

A

lesser - level T10-11

least - level T12

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22
Q

Where do the splanchnic nerves travel from?

A

Descend medially from ganglia across the vertebral bodies and enter abdomen by piercing the diaphragm

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23
Q

What fibres do the splanchnic nerves carry?

A

preganglionic sympathetic fibres

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24
Q

What are the two branches of the vagus nerve?

A

Left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves

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25
Q

Where does the vagus nerve travel to?

A

into the posterior mediastinum to contribute to pulmonary, cardiac and esophageal plexi

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26
Q

What type of supply does the vagus nerve carry to the plexi?

A

Parasympathetic supply

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27
Q

Where does the right vagus travel?

A

passes anterior to the subclavian artery and posterior to the sternoclavicular joint, entering the thorax

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28
Q

Where do the hemi-azygos veins supply?

A

the left posterior intercostal veins from level T9-11

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29
Q

Where and what do the hemi-azygos veins cross right to join up with?

A

the azygos and sometimes joins hemi-azygos

at T7/8

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30
Q

What does the accessory hemi-azygos drain?

A

levels T5-T8 on left side

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31
Q

The thoracic duct carries all lymph of the body except in which four areas on the right side? (HUNT)

A

Head, Upper limb

Neck, Thorax

32
Q

Where do the accessory hemi-azygos veins ascend up?

A

the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm

passes into the superior mediastinum

33
Q

Where does the accessory hemi-azygos drain all its lymph into?

A

the venous system at the left venous angle

34
Q

What is the name of the sympathetic region of the ANS?

A

thoracolumbar outflow

35
Q

What are the only parts of the spinal cord were sympathetic neuronal cell bodies are located?

A

between T1 and L2

36
Q

What is the name of the parasympathetic region of the ANS?

A

craniosacral outflow

37
Q

What are the only parts of the spinal cord were parasympathetic neuronal cell bodies are located?

A

CN3, CN7, CN9, CN10) and (S2–S4)

38
Q

Where are the paravertebral chain ganglia located?

A

parallel to the vertebral bodies

39
Q

Where are the prevertebral chain ganglia located?

A

sitting anteriorly to the vertebral bodies

40
Q

What are the pharynx and larynx muscles responsible for?

A

the initiation of swallowing and phonation

41
Q

Where do the greater splanchnic nerves travel through?

A

the diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity

42
Q

What vertebral levels are the greater splanchnic nerves at?

A

T5-T9

43
Q

What are the three major branches of the celiac trunk?

A

common hepatic artery
left gastric artery
splenic artery
(CHA.LGA.SA) chalgasa

44
Q

What structure does the celiac trunk supply?

A

the foregut of the GI tract

45
Q

What arteries supply blood to the lower curvature of the stomach?

A

the left and right gastric artery

46
Q

What is the coeliac trunk otherwise known as?

A

the coeliac artery

the coeliac axis

47
Q

What is special about the common hepatic artery?

A

it is the only branch of the coeliac artery to pass to the right
it is the sole arterial supply to the liver

48
Q

What are the two terminal branches of the common hepatic artery?

A

the proper hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries

49
Q

What is the splenic artery otherwise known as?

A

the lienal artery

50
Q

What is the role of the splenic artery?

A

to supply oxygenated blood to the spleen

51
Q

Where does the splenic artery branch from?

A

from the celiac artery

52
Q

What does the proper hepatic artery branch into?

A

the right and left hepatic arteries

53
Q

What do the the right and left hepatic arteries supply?

A

the right and left halves of the liver respectively

54
Q

What are the lobes of the liver?

A

the right and left lobes

the caudate and quadrate lobe

55
Q

Which is the smallest lobe of the liver?

A

the caudate lobe

56
Q

From where does the hemiazygos vein arise?

A

from the left ascending lumbar vein

57
Q

What does the hemiazygos vein drain? (llPIV)

A

the lower left posterior intercostal veins

58
Q

What is the difference between the thorax and the abdomen?

A

thorax - between the neck and abdomen (the chest)

abdomen - between the thorax and the pelvis (the belly)

59
Q

What areas are drained by veins that drain into and out of the azygos vein?

A

the posterior thoraco-abdominal walls

the viscera

60
Q

What structures join the azygos vein anterior to the body of T12?

A

the right subcostal vein.

the common trunk of the right ascending lumbar vein

61
Q

Through what structure does the hemiazygos vein enter the thorax?

A

through the aortic hiatus

62
Q

What is the cisterna chyli otherwise known as?

A

cysterna chylli

receptaculum chyli

63
Q

What three structures drain lymph into the cisterna chyli? (L.IT.Retracy)

A

Lumbar trunks
Intestinal Trunk
Retroaortic lymph nodes

64
Q

What substance does the cisterna chyli contain?

A

drained fatty chyle from the intestines

65
Q

What substances are contained in chyle?

A

lymph and emulsified fats / free FAs

66
Q

When and where is chyle formed?

A

in the SI during the digestion of fatty foods

67
Q

What structures take up chyle when formed in the SI?

A

lacteals

68
Q

At what vertebral level does the thoracic duct originate from?

A

L2

69
Q

What is the thoracic constriction of the oesophagus caused by?

A

the aortic arch at the level of the sternal angle

70
Q

What is the cervical constriction of the oesophagus caused by?

A

the cricoid cartilage at the level of C5/6

71
Q

What is the abdominal constriction of the oesophagus caused by?

A

the oesophageal hiatus at T10/11

72
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibres below T5/6 synapse?

A

in the prevertebral (pre-aortic) ganglia before passing to the abdominal viscera

73
Q

Where do the splanchnic nerves originate from?

A

from the sympathetic trunk in the thorax

74
Q

What plexi are the three splanchnic nerves connected to? (CAMHP)

A

celiac, aortic, mesenteric, hypogastric and pelvic plexuses

75
Q

What are the three different types of thoracic splanchnic nerves?

A

greater, lesser, and least

76
Q

Where do splanchnic nerves travel from and to?

A

from the abdominal viscera

to visceral afferent fibres

M103 T1 (6 decks)

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