M103 T1 L4 Flashcards
What is the function of the vena cava?`
Blood enters the heart via right atrium from it and receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava
How many cusps do semi-lunar valves have?
3
What are the boundaries of the posterior mediastinum?
anterior: posterior pericardium
posterior: vertebrae T5-12
lateral: mediastinal pleura
superior: transverse thoracic plane
What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?
oesophagus thoracic aorta azygos system of veins thoracic duct vagus nerve sympathetic trunk splanchnic nerves
Where do the preganglionic sympathetic fibres above T5/6 ganglia leave and synapse?
they leave the spinal cord (white rami communicantes) and synapse at a paravertebral ganglion
Where are the preganglionic sympathetic fibres below T5/6 ganglia located?
they leave the spinal cord (white rami communicantes) and enter the ganglion but don’t synapse
Where do the greater splanchnic nerves arise from?
the sympathetic trunk and paravertebral ganglia at level T5-9
Where is the vagus nerve located?
starts at the cranial nerve
enters the superior mediastinum posterior to sterno-clavicular joint
What does the right vagus supply?
most muscles associated with the pharynx and larynx
What are the branches of the thoracic descending aorta? (BOP.SSp.Pib)
bronchial, oesophageal, pericardial
subcostal, superior phrenic
posterior intercostal branch
What specific veins drain deoxygenated blood into and out of the azygos vein? (HavPivByVv)
hemiazygos veins
posterior intercostal veins
bronchial veins
vertebral venous plexus
Where does the hemi-azygos vein originate from? (LALV)
the left ascending lumbar vein, left renal vein, or both
Where does the thoracic duct originate from?
the cisterna chyli in the abdomen
What are the three normal constrictions of the oesophagus? (CAT)
Cervical constriction
Abdominal constriction
Thoracic constriction
What is the oesophagus innervated by?
vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk via oesophageal plexus
What are the structures that travel from the superior mediastinum into the posterior? (TAPOV)
Thoracic duct Aorta Phrenic nerve Oesophagus Vagus nerve
What are the four ganglia of the sympathetic trunk? (CTLS)
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
Where are the POSTganglionic sympathetic fibres of the ganglia ABOVE T5/6 located?
they leave the ganglion (grey rami communicantes) and pass to the pulmonary, cardiac and esophageal plexi
What type of fibres and information does the sympathetic fibres carry?
efferent fibers - travel from the ganglion to different plexi
afferent fibres - sensory information from the thoracic viscera back to the brain
How many types of splanchnic nerves are there?
5
Where do the lesser and least splanchnic nerves arise from?
lesser - level T10-11
least - level T12
Where do the splanchnic nerves travel from?
Descend medially from ganglia across the vertebral bodies and enter abdomen by piercing the diaphragm
What fibres do the splanchnic nerves carry?
preganglionic sympathetic fibres
What are the two branches of the vagus nerve?
Left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves
Where does the vagus nerve travel to?
into the posterior mediastinum to contribute to pulmonary, cardiac and esophageal plexi
What type of supply does the vagus nerve carry to the plexi?
Parasympathetic supply
Where does the right vagus travel?
passes anterior to the subclavian artery and posterior to the sternoclavicular joint, entering the thorax
Where do the hemi-azygos veins supply?
the left posterior intercostal veins from level T9-11
Where and what do the hemi-azygos veins cross right to join up with?
the azygos and sometimes joins hemi-azygos
at T7/8
What does the accessory hemi-azygos drain?
levels T5-T8 on left side
The thoracic duct carries all lymph of the body except in which four areas on the right side? (HUNT)
Head, Upper limb
Neck, Thorax
Where do the accessory hemi-azygos veins ascend up?
the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm
passes into the superior mediastinum
Where does the accessory hemi-azygos drain all its lymph into?
the venous system at the left venous angle
What is the name of the sympathetic region of the ANS?
thoracolumbar outflow
What are the only parts of the spinal cord were sympathetic neuronal cell bodies are located?
between T1 and L2
What is the name of the parasympathetic region of the ANS?
craniosacral outflow
What are the only parts of the spinal cord were parasympathetic neuronal cell bodies are located?
CN3, CN7, CN9, CN10) and (S2–S4)
Where are the paravertebral chain ganglia located?
parallel to the vertebral bodies
Where are the prevertebral chain ganglia located?
sitting anteriorly to the vertebral bodies
What are the pharynx and larynx muscles responsible for?
the initiation of swallowing and phonation
Where do the greater splanchnic nerves travel through?
the diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity
What vertebral levels are the greater splanchnic nerves at?
T5-T9
What are the three major branches of the celiac trunk?
common hepatic artery
left gastric artery
splenic artery
(CHA.LGA.SA) chalgasa
What structure does the celiac trunk supply?
the foregut of the GI tract
What arteries supply blood to the lower curvature of the stomach?
the left and right gastric artery
What is the coeliac trunk otherwise known as?
the coeliac artery
the coeliac axis
What is special about the common hepatic artery?
it is the only branch of the coeliac artery to pass to the right
it is the sole arterial supply to the liver
What are the two terminal branches of the common hepatic artery?
the proper hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries
What is the splenic artery otherwise known as?
the lienal artery
What is the role of the splenic artery?
to supply oxygenated blood to the spleen
Where does the splenic artery branch from?
from the celiac artery
What does the proper hepatic artery branch into?
the right and left hepatic arteries
What do the the right and left hepatic arteries supply?
the right and left halves of the liver respectively
What are the lobes of the liver?
the right and left lobes
the caudate and quadrate lobe
Which is the smallest lobe of the liver?
the caudate lobe
From where does the hemiazygos vein arise?
from the left ascending lumbar vein
What does the hemiazygos vein drain? (llPIV)
the lower left posterior intercostal veins
What is the difference between the thorax and the abdomen?
thorax - between the neck and abdomen (the chest)
abdomen - between the thorax and the pelvis (the belly)
What areas are drained by veins that drain into and out of the azygos vein?
the posterior thoraco-abdominal walls
the viscera
What structures join the azygos vein anterior to the body of T12?
the right subcostal vein.
the common trunk of the right ascending lumbar vein
Through what structure does the hemiazygos vein enter the thorax?
through the aortic hiatus
What is the cisterna chyli otherwise known as?
cysterna chylli
receptaculum chyli
What three structures drain lymph into the cisterna chyli? (L.IT.Retracy)
Lumbar trunks
Intestinal Trunk
Retroaortic lymph nodes
What substance does the cisterna chyli contain?
drained fatty chyle from the intestines
What substances are contained in chyle?
lymph and emulsified fats / free FAs
When and where is chyle formed?
in the SI during the digestion of fatty foods
What structures take up chyle when formed in the SI?
lacteals
At what vertebral level does the thoracic duct originate from?
L2
What is the thoracic constriction of the oesophagus caused by?
the aortic arch at the level of the sternal angle
What is the cervical constriction of the oesophagus caused by?
the cricoid cartilage at the level of C5/6
What is the abdominal constriction of the oesophagus caused by?
the oesophageal hiatus at T10/11
Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibres below T5/6 synapse?
in the prevertebral (pre-aortic) ganglia before passing to the abdominal viscera
Where do the splanchnic nerves originate from?
from the sympathetic trunk in the thorax
What plexi are the three splanchnic nerves connected to? (CAMHP)
celiac, aortic, mesenteric, hypogastric and pelvic plexuses
What are the three different types of thoracic splanchnic nerves?
greater, lesser, and least
Where do splanchnic nerves travel from and to?
from the abdominal viscera
to visceral afferent fibres
