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M103 T1 > M103 T1 L1 > Flashcards

M103 T1 L1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three cavities of the thorax?

A

the left pleural cavity
the right pleural cavity
the mediastinum

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2
Q

What is the function of the visceral pleura?

A

Adheres to lungs
creates smooth and slippery surface
connects parietal pleura to the hilum

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3
Q

What are the four parts of the parietal pleura?

A

costal
mediastinal
diaphragmatic
cervical

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4
Q

What six structures are contained in the hilum of the lung?

A 
main bronchus (posterior)
pulmonary artery (superior)
pulmonary veins (inferior)
bronchial arteries and veins
pulmonary plexus of nerves
lymph vessels and nodes
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5
Q

What is the mechanism of pleural and pulmonary development?

A 
the lungs grow in out pouches
these form lung and bronchial buds
Rapid division of airways occurs
Lungs push their way into primitive thoracic cavity 
they take the visceral pleura with them
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6
Q

When do the lungs and pleura start to develop and from which germ layer?

A

4-6 week old embryo

endoderm layer

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7
Q

What does the pleuropericardial membrane form?

A

the parietal pleura

the visceral pleura

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8
Q

What do the pericardioperitoneal canals form?

A

the pleural cavity

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9
Q

From what week is ventilation possible from?

A

26 weeks

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10
Q

When does formation of new alveoli stop?

A

10 years old

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11
Q

How does the initial lung look like and what does it change to look like?

A

glandular, becomes canalised - gc

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12
Q

What effect does surface tension, generated by serous fluid, have on the pleural cavity?

A

provides cohesion
helps lungs be held against thoracic wall
so the lung expands as the thoracic cavity expands

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13
Q

What are two examples of pleural cavity recesses?

A

costomediastinal recess

costodiaphragmatic recesses

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14
Q

What are the four different parts of the parietal pleura innvervated by?

A

cervical - 1st intercostal nerve
costal - intercostal nerves
mediastinal - phrenic nerve
diaphragmatic - lower intercostals and phrenic nerves

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15
Q

What is the type of innervation received by visceral pleura?

A

autonomic from pulmonary plexuses

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16
Q

What are the key features of the right lung?

A

3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior
2 fissures: horizontal and oblique
Larger and heavier
Shorter and wider

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17
Q

What are the key features of the left lung?

A

2 lobes: superior and inferior
1 fissure: oblique
has a cardiac notch and lingula

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18
Q

Which structures do the bronchial arteries supply?

A

the lungs

the visceral pleura

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19
Q

What are the structures of the respiratory tree in order?

A 
Trachea
Primary bronchi (main)
Secondary bronchi (lobar)
Tertiary bronchi (segmental)
Bronchioles
Alveolus
20
Q

What three things line the trachea?

A

mucous membrane
cilia
trachealis muscle

21
Q

What are the differences between the right and left primary bronchi?

A

the right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical

22
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments on each lung?

A

right - 10

left - 8-10

23
Q

What are the key features of bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Separated by connective tissue

Surgically resectable/removable in isolation

24
Q

What are the key features of the bronchioles?

A

20-25 generations of conducting bronchioles
no cartilage in walls
terminal bronchiole gives rise to several generations of respiratory bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles characterized by out pockets of alveoli

25
Q

What are the two cell types of alveoli?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes (95%)

Type 2 pneumocytes (5%) - they secrete pulmonary surfactant

26
Q

What are the effects of the innervation on the lungs via sympathetic supply?

A

from the sympathetic trunk, bronchial musculature dilation and pulmonary vasculature constriction

27
Q

How is lymph drained from the lungs?

A

Drains towards the hilum via a series of nodes;

bronchopulmonary - tracheobronchial - paratracheal

28
Q

What are the three surfaces of the lungs?

A

costal
mediastinal
diaphragmatic

29
Q

What are the three borders of the lungs?

A

anterior (around the costal surface)
posterior
inferior

30
Q

Where does the trachea run from relative to the spine?

A

C5 to T4/5

31
Q

Where are foreign objects that have been aspirated more likely to go and why?

A

Right pulmonary bronchus as it is more vertical and wider than the left

32
Q

Why are premature babies at risk of their alveoli collapsing?

A

Don’t produce (enough) pulmonary surfactant to keep alveoli inflated

33
Q

Where do the left arteries branch from?

A

the descending aorta

34
Q

Where do the right arteries branch from?

A

the intercostal arteries

35
Q

Where do the bronchial veins terminate?

A

in the azygos veins

36
Q

What structures do the lung pouches form in embryology?

A

lung buds

bronchial buds

37
Q

Which cavity do the lungs push their way into during embryology?

A

the primitive thoracic cavity

38
Q

Where is the costal parietal pleura?

A

the internal rib cage

39
Q

Where is the mediastinal parietal pleura?

A

the lateral wall of mediastinum

40
Q

Where is the diaphragmatic parietal pleura?

A

superior diaphragm

41
Q

Where is the cervical parietal pleura?

A

in the cervical region

42
Q

What are the effects of irritation to the costal parietal pleura’s nerves?

A

very sensitive, can produce local or referred pain to dermatome supplied by same spinal ganglia

43
Q

What are the effects of irritation to the diaphragmatic parietal pleura’s nerves?

A

may refer pain to abdominal walls

44
Q

What are the effects of irritation to the mediastinal parietal pleura’s nerves?

A

refers to c3-5 root of neck and over shoulder

45
Q

What are the effects of parasympathetic supply on the lungs?

A

bronchial musculature constriction
pulmonary vasculature dilation
via the vagus nerve

M103 T1 (6 decks)

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