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Physics 3 > M1: Quality Assurance > Flashcards

M1: Quality Assurance Flashcards

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1
Q

what is one of the primary concerns with QA

A

patient misdiagnosis if the machine is not functioning properly

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2
Q

define QA

A

program that ensures proper and consistent operation of the imaging systems

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3
Q

list some of the items that QA ensures

A 
equipment operation
gradual degradation of performance
minimizes repeat exams and machine down time
safety
cost efficiency
maintains standards
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4
Q

list the 3 people responsible for QA

A

1 physician
2 sonographer
3 service (biomed/manufacturer)

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5
Q

describe the physicians role in QA

A

Qa director

assess images for overall quality

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6
Q

describe the sonographers role in QA

A

front line worker

  • assess images for quality in the ‘front line’
  • may perform routine testing ad record keeping
  • will perform routine preventative maintenance (cleaning filters, visual inspections, wiping down machine, etc)
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7
Q

what are the 2 types of service personnel

A

1 manufacturer

2 biomedical personnel

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8
Q

describe the role of the manufacturer in QA

A

provides routine preventative maintenance and repairs equipment

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9
Q

describe the role of the biomed in QA

A

acceptance testing when a machine arrives and before it starts being used… ensures compatibility, imaging performance, power output and safety

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10
Q

in general, what does routine performance testing asses

A

image performance and changes in quality over time

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11
Q

what is the key component of a good QA program

A

record keeping…. data must be frequent and be accurately recorded

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12
Q

is it best to have the same person performing the routine performance testing on phantoms each year

A

yes, for consistency

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13
Q

what is an AIUM 100?

A

an older test device in a plastic casing w/ 0.75 mm steel rods arranged in grps…. filled w/ water, alcohol and algaecide

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14
Q

what is the downside to an AIUM 100

A

no grayscale so no attenuation (so cant test sensitivity)

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15
Q

what is an upside to an AIUM 100

A

inexpensive

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16
Q

what is a tissue equivalent phantom

A

test object that contains tissue mimicking materials

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17
Q

what are tissue phantoms made of

A

plastic case w/ a gel mixed w/ graphite powder, rod groups, solid and cystic lesions.

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18
Q

why are tissue phantoms better for testing than AIUM 100s

A

give a better approximation of clinical perforance, since they allow for grayscale, attenuation, and speed of sound

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19
Q

what is the downside to tissue phantoms

A

expensive

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20
Q

list the 4 items that an AIUM test object can test for?

A

dead zone
axial/lateral resolution
depth calibration accuracy
length calibration accuracy

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21
Q

list some of the items that a tissue phantom can test for

A

all the same things as a test object plus….

elevational resolution
TGCs/attenuation/depth penetration
uniformity
sensitivity
dynamic range
contrast resolution
lesion (cystic/solid) detection
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22
Q

a good phantom must have what 5 characteristics that are similar to soft tissue

A 
attenuation coefficient
speed of sound
backscatter coefficient/relative contrast
elasticity
thermal properties
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23
Q

describe the dead zone

A

area right at the surface of the probe in the near field, also know as the main bang artifact

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24
Q

how do we test the dead zone

A

imagine the dead zone pins close to the surface of the probe and looking for changes over time

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25
Q

why are the dead zone pins offset in tissue phantoms

A

to avoid reverberation artifact from the metal pins

26
Q

how do we test for axial resolution in tissue phantoms

A

measure the smallest visible separation b/w the axial resolution pins and various depth (size A grp b)

27
Q

how do we test for lateral resolution in tissue phantoms

A

measure the lateral resolu. pins…. the results will depend on depth and focal placement since the best lat resolu. is at the focal point (side A, grp c)

28
Q

how do we test for elevational resolution in tissue phantoms

A

can test qualitatively or quantitatively…..

  1. quantitative assessment requires a different type of phantom w/ a ramp… specifically a spherical void phantom or beam profile phantom to get specific measurements
  2. qualitative assessments can be made w/ the TE phantoms (place focus at structure, if resolved, z axis is probably fine… scan side A, grp e)
29
Q

how do we test for distance accuracy in tissue phantoms

A

measure pins at a known distance (vertically and horizon.) and compare the value you get to the true distance

(side A, grp d for horiz.
side A, grp c for verti.)

30
Q

for distance accuracy, is is more important to measure small or larger distances

why

A

larger distances, to detect smaller margins of error and enhance the % error

31
Q

how do we test for TGC accuracy

A

capture images using different slide pods under different conditions and compare over time

32
Q

what does image uniformity test

and what does it look for (list some examples)

A

tests a linear array consistency along the array

looking for inhomogeneous regions/non uniformity… vertical band, reverberations, horizontal band

33
Q

what does sensitivity test

A

the ability to detect weak echos

34
Q

what is a common technique used to test sensitivity

A

maximum depth of visualization

35
Q

what is maximum depth of visualization

A

power and gain are optimized for penetration and the observer records the depth where the brightness starts to fade

36
Q

what does dynamic range control

A

contrast resolution

37
Q

is testing dynamic range a subjective test

A

yes because you compare images over time and decide if there is a change in the display

38
Q

why is too little contrast resolution bad

A

you’ll have poor tissue differentiation because of poor contrast resolution

39
Q

why is too much contrast resolution bad

A

you cant tell the similar shades of grey apart and they are grouped together

40
Q

how is dynamic range tested

A

compared lesions of similar echogenicities and different sizes, at different depth and see if you can resolve them as separate from surrounding tissue

41
Q

another name for dynamic range

A

compression

42
Q

what does contrast resolution allow us to test

A

allows us to measure how well we can detect small lesions w/ a variety of appearances (solid, cystic, echogenic) etc.) while varying the settings

43
Q

what is registration

A

an old test for static B scanners that ensures the arm positioning is accurate for reconstructing an image

44
Q

how do we test registration

A

scan pins from 3 sides and see if the lines intersect at one point

45
Q

2 types of doppler phantoms

what is the difference b/w them?

A
  1. Flow
  2. String or belt

how the doppler shift is created

46
Q

which type of doppler phantom matches the clinical experience

what is its downside

A

flow or TE phantom

expensive

47
Q

describe a string or belt doppler phantom

what is its upside

A

they move a string or belt in a water bath

dont match clinical experience but cheap

48
Q

flow doppler phantoms can be used to measure which factors

A 
maximum depth (how deep can you pick up colour flow)
gate position accuracy
volume flow and velocity accuracy
colour flow penetration
Image congruency

all gray scale components since it has tissue mimicking material

49
Q

how many scan lines does the probe need to send out for colour doppler

A

minimum 3 scan lines to get a mean… that’s why frame rate goes down so much

50
Q

how many scan lines does the probe need to send out for 2D imaging

A

1 scan line

51
Q

what is an output testing device

A

a device used by service personnel or manufactures to evaluate the systems power output

52
Q

3 output testing devices, which is the most common

A

hydrophone
power (force) balancers
calorimeter

53
Q

what are 4 features of a hydrophone

A

plotter
spectrum analyzer
oscillosope
schlieren system (acousitc optical method)

54
Q

what is plotter

A

small device the can plot the different intensities found along the beam (SP and SA) and produce a beam profile

55
Q

what is a hydrophone

A 
small transducer (1mm face) that produces a voltage based on the received acoustic pressure waves from the US beam (placed in the path of the beam)
has piezoelectric properties
56
Q

when a hydrophone is used w/ an oscilloscope, what can it measure

A 
SPL
PD
PRP
PRF
DF
57
Q

when a hydrophone is used w/ a spectrum analyzer, what can it measure

A

resonant frequency
bandwidth
fractional bandwidth
Q factor

58
Q

what are power (force) balancers used to measure

how do they work

A

acoustic power

have a ‘scale’ attached to a sound absorbing block, the more power coming out of the probe, the more the block is pushed down and the more the scale will tip upwards…more tipping = stronger intensity

59
Q

what is a calorimeter

A

‘heat meter’ used to measure acoustic power

it contains a sensitive thermocouple the detects temp changes and can determine acoustic power

60
Q

If calorimeters are measuring heat, this means they are measuring which attenuation process?

A

Absorption

61
Q

What does image congruency test

A

that colour flow is accurately displayed on the screen

62
Q

Another name for scale

A

Velocity range

Physics 3 (5 decks)

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