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Physics 3 > M 3 & 4: Recording/PACs > Flashcards

M 3 & 4: Recording/PACs Flashcards

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1
Q

advantage of recording images and cine loops

A

can be used for future comparison and reference

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2
Q

importance of having a recording device

A

radiologist/cardiologist isnt always on site
needed for teleradiography (transmit images offsite for rad to see)
comparison

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3
Q

what was one of the most common ways of storing hard copy images

A

film

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4
Q

3 different types of film

A 
transparency film (negative) - XRay
polaroid film (positive)
paper film
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5
Q

what was the most commonly used type of film

advantages and disadvantages

A

transparency film

PRO- several years of shelf life and infinite resolution
CON- storage space, ease of retrieval, cost

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6
Q

why was transparency film sometimes hard to retrieve

A

improper filing

or stored off site so you have to order it in each day

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7
Q

how is transparency film constructed

A

in layers w/ an acetate base topped w/ an emulsion layer that contains silver bromide crystals and a suspension of gelatin

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8
Q

how is the image formed w/ transparency film

A

light strikes the crystals to form the latent image and are converted to silver grains w/ chem processsing

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9
Q

how do we get the positive image/the image we want to see with a transparency film

A

we have to use the negative of the image we want to see

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10
Q

how does exposure to light effect the brightness/darkness of the image

A

more exposure increase activation of the sliver grains and the image becomes darker

more light = darker image, inversely related

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11
Q

what does film speed refer to

A

how fast the image darkens

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12
Q

film speed and contrast must be matched to what

A

the monitor that is used for exposure

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13
Q

when transparency film was processed manually, how long could it take to produce 1 film

A

1 hour

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14
Q

automatic processing of transparency film uses what 4 steps

advantages of automatic processing

A

development
fixing
washing
drying

PRO- faster, 1-2 minute per film

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15
Q

3 disadvantages of automatic processing of transparency film

A
  • variations of density/contrast of processing
  • chemical use which was expensive and bad for the environment
  • time would be a disadvantages for todays standards
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16
Q

describe a multi-format camera

A

one of the most common devices used to expose transparency film… essentially a cathode ray tube that could fix images onto the film

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17
Q

advantages of multi-format camera

disadvantages

A

PRO- good gray scale
-could control exposure time and position by used a shutter and lens

CON- the CRTs curved screen which could distort the image

  • high quality lens needed was expensive
  • one camera per machine
  • dust and movement a major issue
  • could not expose film to the light
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18
Q

biggest disadvantage of the multi-format camera

A

one camera per machine

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19
Q

what does wet processing refer to

A

chemical processing in a dark room… the 4 steps of developing, fixing, washing, drying are done

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20
Q

which camera replaced the multi-format camera

A

laser camera

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21
Q

acronym for laser

A

light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

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22
Q

advantages of the laser camera

A
  • intensity and size of the beam are precisely controlled to improve contrast and detail resolution (lasers are ‘tighter’ and don’t bleed like light)
  • biggest advantages was many machines/modalities could be accommodated by one camera
  • didn’t have to worry about light exposure
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23
Q

how is the image produced w/ laser cameras

A

film contained a laser sensitive carbon layer that when activated by heat, causes the carbon to stick and the back can be peeled off (how we get grey scale)

24
Q

w/ laser cameras, how does the amount of carbon affect darkness of the image

A

more carbon = darker

25
Q

advantages of polaroid film

disadvantages

A

no special processing, inexpensive, quick and easy

poor spatial resolution

26
Q

how was an image created w/ black and white, and colour, polaroid film

A
  • black and white film worked w/ light exposure, creating white on the film using silver halide crystals
  • colour have 3 layers, RGB that are activated w/ exposure
27
Q

which printers have better quality images than video thermal printers

A

multi-formate and laser printers

28
Q

describe how a video thermal printer works

A

a video signal is stored in the machines memory and transferred to a thermal printing mechanism….

….then the heat sensitive paper goes through the mechanism and the heat creates gray scale…. where the shade of grey corresponds to the amount of heat produced

29
Q

w/ video thermal printers, how is the colour white produced

A

applying more heat

30
Q

advantages of video thermal printers

disadvantages

A
  • good contrast, image available immediately

- poor archival stability because the film would degrade if place by a heat source

31
Q

the video thermal printer is similar to which other type of printer

A

colour video printer

32
Q

describe how a colour video printer works

A

uses dye on paper, if no dye is applied, the paper is white…. to get black you mix RGB

33
Q

con of colour video printers

A

time, printing black required a single pass of the paper for each colour to be applied

34
Q

what were magnetic tape recorders used for

what cassette format did it use

A

to capture videos rather than still images

VHS or S-VHS (super VHS), which were played on VCRs

35
Q

why was S-VHS preferred to VHS

A

better spatial resolution

36
Q

describe how a magnetic tape recorders works

A

the tape contained magnetic dipoles that can be aligned in a magnetic field… the strength of the signal/magnetic field determines the alignment of the dipoles

37
Q

how did playback work w/ magnetic tape recorders

A

the tape was passed by the ‘reader head’ and the changing magnetic field produced a video signal

38
Q

can audio be included in magnetic tape recorders

A

yes, if so, you would have 1 head for the video and 1 head for the audio

39
Q

spatial resolution of VHS and S-VHS

A

VHS: 240

S-VHS: 400

40
Q

can S-VHS be played in a VHS machine

A

no.

compatibility issues, the VHS could only produce 240 scan lines, not the 400 S-VHS has

41
Q

can S-VHS and VHS be played in an S-VHS machine

A

yes

42
Q

do recordings on magnetic tape recorders degrade over time

A

yes, the magnet poles break down over time so you lose the image

43
Q

describe magneto-optic disks (MO disc)

A

discs that combined 2 technologies - magnetics and optics

44
Q

how do MO discs work

how are they read

A

a laser heats the disk past its Currie temp so that the magnetic crystals can be realigned when placed in a magnetic field…. then the disc it cooled to strengthen the bonds

a weaker laser scatters light off the disk and the intensity is registered to create the signal

45
Q

advantages of MO discs

disadvantages

A

PRO: relatively large memory space, re-writable and not susceptible to magnetic damage

CON: lack of compatible drives, 30 seconds to load each image onto the disc

46
Q

PACS acronym

A

picture archiving communication system

47
Q

advantages of PACs

A 
storage
external viewing
connection to other modalities
wed access
image quality, no degradation over time
no processing time
48
Q

describe how PACS works

A

the PACS system electronically transfers digital data from a machine to a workstation

49
Q

disadvantages of PACs

A
  • manufacturers used different programming and coding to digitize their images
  • large investment initially
  • additional staff needed due to complexity of equipment and maintenance/upkeep
  • limited memory
50
Q

why was DICOM created

what does it stand for

A

to create a universal standard for compressing images

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine

51
Q

what is a stripchart recorder

A

a popular way to print M-mode information, included and CRT and cables that carry the image to the CRT where its exposed to ultraviolet sensitive paper, creating the image

52
Q

which display devices where most commonly used in US before PACS

A

oscilloscope and CRTs/TV monitors

53
Q

how many lines does a CRT have in total

how many fields

A

512 vertical lines…. formed by scanning two fields of 256 line each

54
Q

how long does it take for the CRT to write each field across the screen

A

1/60 second each for a total of 1/30 seconds

55
Q

3 controls affecting display

A

brightness
contrast
focus

56
Q

Does the multiformate camera need wet processing

A

Yes, after exposure it needs wet processing in a dark room

Physics 3 (5 decks)

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