M1: INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & DIAGNOSTICS

Question 1

Who coined the term, defined molecular biology as the study of DNA ?

Answer 1

James Watson

Question 2

This deals with molecular techniques that are designed for handling and analysis of nucleic acids

Answer 2

Diagnostic molecular biology

Question 3

What are the contents of DOH A.O. 2020-14 ?

Answer 3

Guidelines in securing a license to operate a COVID-19 testing laboratory in the Philippines

Question 4

This person discovered DNA

Answer 4

Johann Friedrich Miescher (1869)

Question 5

Chemical analysis of the Johann Miescher extracted nuclein showed that the substance contains what ?

Answer 5

2.5% phosphorous

14% nitrogen

Question 6

These people implicated that DNA is responsible for bacterial transformation

Answer 6

Oswald Avery (1944)
Colin MacLead
Maclyn McCarty

Question 7

They showed that non-encapsulated (non-pathogenic) strains of ___ are transformed to become encapsulated (pathogenic) upon the addition of DNA from the encapsulated strain

Answer 7

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 8

They helped confirm that DNA is the genetic material by performing a series of experiments that showed that viral nucleic acids are infectious while viral protein is not

Answer 8

Alfred Hershey (1952)
Martha Chase

Question 9

Performed chromatographic methods that led to the conclusion that adenine content of DNA is equal to the thymine content while guanine content is equal to cytosine content

Answer 9

Erwin Chargaff (1949-1953)

Question 10

In the late 1940s he started using optical spectroscopy to study DNA

Answer 10

Maurice Wilkins

Question 11

They obtained the A and B conformation of DNA

Answer 11

Rosalind Franklin

Maurice Wilkins

Question 12

They published the first correct model of the DNA molecule

Answer 12

James Watson (1953)
Francis Crick

Question 13

They performed the first known successful DNA recombinant experiment which allowed them to produce human insulin from genetically modified bacteria

Answer 13

Herbert Boyer (1973)
Stanley Norman Cohen

Question 14

They separately developed techniques for rapid DNA sequencing

Answer 14

Walter Gilbert (1970)
Frederick Sanger

Question 15

Invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for amplification of DNA

Answer 15

Kary Mullis (1985)

Question 16

What are ZFN’s ?

Answer 16

engineered DNA-binding enzymes that allow targeted editing of the genome

Question 17

Who presented ZFN’s ?

Answer 17

Nikola Panayot Pavletich (1991)

Carl Pablo

Question 18

Who was the first to generate a mammalian clone

Answer 18

Sir Ian Wilmut

Question 19

This was the first multicellular organism to have its entire genome decoded

Answer 19

1998

roundworm Caenorhabditis

Question 20

First crop to have its entire genome decoded

Answer 20

2002

rice

Question 21

When was the completion of The Human Genome Project recorded ?

Answer 21

2003

Question 22

What is a TALEN ?

Answer 22

Transcription activator-like effector nucleases

engineered to cut specific DNA sequences

Question 23

What does CRISPR stand for ?

Answer 23

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

Question 24

What is CRISPR-Cas9 ?

Answer 24

utilized for genome editing purposes

Question 25

What is Molecular Pathology ?

Answer 25

refers to the analysis of nucleic acids and proteins for diagnosis of disease predicting the occurrence of a disease predicting the prognosis of the diagnosed disease guiding therapy

Question 26

What are the most common applications of diagnostic molecular pathology ?

Answer 26

``` Redefinition of diseases Detection of cancer Detection of infectious diseases Treatment of diseases Pharmacogenomics and Personalized medicine Diagnosis of genetic diseases ```

Question 27

What application of diagnostic molecular pathology is exhibited by the differential diagnosis of leukemia ?

Answer 27

Redefinition of diseases

Question 28

Genes that have the potential of causing cancer are also called as ___, and their encoded proteins are also known as ?

Answer 28

oncogenes | oncoproteins

Question 29

What application of diagnostic molecular pathology is exhibited by exponential improvement in the detection of viruses, fungi, and fastidious bacteria in clinical specimens ?

Answer 29

Detection of infectious diseases

Question 30

This is the study of how drug responses occur concerning an individual's genome

Answer 30

Pharmacogenomics

Question 31

Pharmacogenomics downplays a ___ convention and holds the promise of providing greater safety and efficacy in drug design and development

Answer 31

one drug fits all

Question 32

What application of diagnostic molecular pathology is exhibited by predicting the manifestation of genetic diseases by detection of genetic markers among family members ?

Answer 32

Diagnosis of genetic diseases

Question 33

What are the fundamental principles of ethics as applied to medical research and clinical practices ?

Answer 33

``` Autonomy Integrity Respect Beneficence Non-maleficence Justice ```

Question 34

The evolution of informed consent within medical research has moved forwards progressively since the ___

Answer 34

Nuremberg trials