M1: INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards
1
Q
Clinical comes from the word “kline” which means?
A
bed
2
Q
branch of science that deals with
elements and compound
A
chemistry
3
Q
area of pathology that is
generally concerned with analysis of body fluids.
A
Clinical Chemistry
4
Q
What are the scope of clinical chemistry
A
- Instrumentation, Automation, Point-of-care testing
(POCT), Quality Assurance, Laboratory Safety - Analytic Procedures (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nonprotein nitrogen (NPNs), Electrolytes,
Blood Gases) - Enzymology, Endocrinology, Pharmacology,
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Toxicology, Tumor
Markers
5
Q
What are the uses of testing in the Clinical Laboratory
A
- Confirming a clinical diagnosis
- Excluding a diagnosis
- Assisting in selection, optimization, and monitoring of
treatment - Providing a prognosis
- Screening of disease in the absence of clinical signs
or symptoms
o E.g., HIV, Hepatitis B (Window period) - Establishing and monitoring the severity of a
physiological disturbance
6
Q
Importance of Clinical Laboratory
A
- Aid in patient diagnosis and treatment
- Involved in the analysis of biochemical byproducts
- Plays an importance role through periodic
measurements of HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin),
microalbumin and other analytes
7
Q
Role of Medical Technologist in Clinical Chemistry
A
Phlebotomist
Sample Processing
Quality Control of a Laboratory
8
Q
the amount of light that is absorbed
by analyte in a solution; absorbance is directly
proportional to the concentration of analyte.
A
absorbance
9
Q
state of decrease of basic (alkali)
compounds and an accumulation of acid compounds
in the blood causing a decrease in pH.
A
Acidosis
10
Q
ability of a test to obtain the known target
value for a sample; an accurate test exhibits minimal
bias and imprecision.
A
Accuracy
11
Q
attractive force between substances or
particles that causes them to enter into and remain in chemical combination, for example; the binding of
antibody to antigen.
A
Affinity
12
Q
a measured portion of a sample
A
Aliquot
13
Q
state of excess of basic (alkali)
compounds or loss of acidic compounds in the blood
causing an increase in pH.
A
Alkalosis
14
Q
organic acid that is the building block
for proteins
A
Amino acid
15
Q
substance that is being measured (e.g.,
glucose, sodium, cholesterol).
A
- Analyte
16
Q
all procedures related to the
testing of a sample for an analyte.
A
Analytical phase
17
Q
– a spectrophotometric method
in which the analyte is an element (e.g., Ca), and it
absorbs light at a specific wavelength. Decreases in
light intensity hitting a photodetector corresponds to
increased analyte concentrations.
A
Atomic absorption
18
Q
– average affinity of a mixture of antibody to
their corresponding antigen.
A
Avidity
19
Q
a laboratory grade water and other reagents
are set up and tested as though it was another
sample. This checks for background interference
from reagents and allows for correction.
A
Blank
20
Q
– a liquid that resists change in pH when an
acid or base is added. A buffer consists of a weak
acid and its conjugate base. An example of a buffer
is acetic acid and sodium acetate
A
Buffer
21
Q
the process of using calibrators
(samples with known analyte concentration) to
construct a calibration curve used to quantitate
analyte concentration in unknown (patient)
specimens.
A
- Calibration
22
Q
substance that accelerates a chemical
reaction, such as an enzyme in the body
A
Catalyst
23
Q
an ion carrying a positive charge.
A
Cation
24
Q
electrode which gains electrons or is
reduced. In other words, it is where reduction occurs
in an electrochemical cell.
A
Cathode
25
is a process used to separate or
concentrate materials suspended in a liquid medium
by use of the centrifugal force.
Centrifugation
26
amount of analyte measured in a
sample expressed quantitatively (e.g., mg/dL,
mmol/L).
Concentration
27
a serum-based material with assigned
target values and acceptable ranges to evaluate the
accuracy and reproducibility of a diagnostic assay
Control
28
a reaction vessel (similar to a tube) used
in photometric analyzers
Cuvette
29
a drying agent or substance capable of
absorbing moisture
Desiccant
30
a sealed chamber in which samples
can be dried in the presence of a desiccant.
Desiccator
31
– is the movement of particles from an area
of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
Diffusion
32
when a solvent is added to a solution,
making it less concentrated.
Dilution
33
is when a chemical reaction breaks a
compound into two or more parts. For example, NaCl
dissociates into Na+ and Cl- in water
Dissociation
34
is when a gas moves through an opening
into a low-pressure container (e.g., is drawn by a
vacuum). Effusion occurs more quickly than diffus
Effusion
35
an ionic compound that dissolves in
water to produce ions, which can conduct electricity.
Strong electrolytes completely dissociate in water,
while weak electrolytes only partially dissociate or
break apart in water.
Electrolyte
36
– protein in the body that acts as a catalyst
and converts substrate to product
Enzyme
37
a measure of the amount of
enzyme catalytic activity found in a sample; enzyme
concentration is often expressed in terms of activity
instead of quantitative units.
Enzymatic activity
38
occurs in reversible reactions when
the forward rate of the reaction is the same as the
reverse rate of the reaction.
Equilibrium
39
– fluid which has leaked out of a tissue or
capillary, usually in response to inflammation or
injury
Exudate
40
a lipoprotein
particle found in blood that is composed of a high
proportion of protein with little triglyceride and
cholesterol and is associated with reduced risk of
atherosclerosis
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)
41
the most
common interferents found in blood specimens.
HIL (hemolysis, icterus, lipemia)
42
What is HIL
hemolysis, icterus and lipemia
43
a chemical substance or compound
having a physical property that changes abruptly,
usually color, near the endpoint or equivalence point
of a chemical reaction
Indicator
44
assay that relies on an antigenantibody reaction. Intracellular: component found
inside the cel
Immunoassay
45
a potentiometric
device used to selectively measure individual
electrolytes such as Na, K and Cl.
Ion-selective electrode (ISE)
46
Lipoprotein
particle found in blood composed of protein, with little triglyceride and high proportion of cholesterol, and is associated with increased risk of developing
atherosclerosis.
* LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)
47
milky coloration of plasma caused by
increased lipid accumulation, usually triglycerides.
Lipemia
48
the common analytes of cholesterol and
triglycerides and related compounds such as free
fatty acids and lipoproteins
* Lipids
49
– the curved surface of a liquid.
Meniscus
50
products of anabolism and catabolism;
analytes created by synthesis in the body (e.g.,
glucose, cholesterol) or breakdown (e.g., creatinine,
urea).
Metabolites
51
the basic measurement
principle or technique that is used in an analytical
system to perform a test
Method/Methodology
52
– a force that moves water or
another solvent across a membrane separating a
solution. Usually, the movement is from the lower to
the higher concentration.
Osmotic Pressure
53
measuring light intensity at various
wavelengths
* Photometry
54
– lipid deposits in arteries causing stenosis
and leading to cardiovascular disease.
Plaque
55
the clear, yellow fluid obtained when blood
is drawn into a tube containing anticoagulant; the
clotting factors have not been activated and a clot is
not formed (usually a purple, green or light blue tube)
* Plasma
56
all procedures related to
specimen handling and result reporting after the
analytical (testing) phase
Postanalytical phase
57
all procedures related to
specimen collection and handling that precede the
analytical (testing) phase.
Preanalytical phase
58
the reproducibility of a test; the ability to
obtain very similar quantitative values on repeat
testing of a sample
Precision
59
use of scientific methods to
maintain the most accurate data possible. Procedures performed to check against a standard,
such as blanks, duplicates, and spikes.
Quality Control
60
a chemical mixture to which a sample is
added to conduct a test.
* Reagent
61
the expected normal
concentration range for an analyte in a patient
population; often varies with age, gender or other
partitioning factors.
Reference interval
62
the specimen after preparation for analysis
(e.g., serum or plasma after centrifugation).
Sample
63
liquid portion of plasma that remains after
clot is removed
Serum
64
– the ability to detect small quantities of a
measured component
Sensitivity
65
is the substance that gets dissolved in a
solvent. Usually, it refers to a solid that is dissolved in
a liquid. If you are mixing two liquids (Links to an
external site.), the solute is the one that is present in
a smaller amount
* Solute
66
is the liquid that dissolves a solute in
solution. Technically, you can dissolve gases into
liquids or into other gases, too. When making a
solution where both substances are in the same
phase (e.g., liquid-liquid), the solvent is the largest
component of the solution.
Solvent
67
the type of biologic fluid in which the
analyte is found (e.g., blood, urine, CSF) or the form
in which the fluid is tested (e.g., serum, plasma,
whole blood).
Specimen
68
measuring light intensity at
various wavelengths.
Spectrophotometry
69
are samples for which the analyst knows
the true value before running the test. Standards can
be made in-house or purchased from laboratory
supply companies. Standards are often used to
calibrate instruments and to evaluate the accuracy of
an analysis
Standard
70
the amount of antibody found in a specimen
as a result of exposure to an antigen; a high titer
typically occurs after an immune response and the
titer decreases over time after exposure to the
antigen.
Titer
71
analysis of therapeutic drugs or drugs
of abuse.
Toxicology
72
– anchoring the calibrators of a test
method to recognized reference materials and/or
reference methods to ensure accuracy of results;
described by a metrological traceability chain
Traceability
73
the aqueous waste fluid produced by the
kidneys; the next most common body fluid after blood
used for testing.
Urine
74
the light-scattering property associated
with suspended particles in a liquid. A turbid solution
appears cloudy.
Turbidity
75
What are the different International Agencies that issues Guidelines/Standards
CDC
CLSI
OSHA
ISO
AACC
CAP
JCAHO
NFPA
76
What are the different Local Agencies that issues Guidelines/Standards
PCQACL
BHFS
PSP
DOH
77
Define the following acronyms:
CDC
CLSI
OSHA
ISO
AACC
CAP
JCAHO
NFPA
* CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
* CLSI – Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
* OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
* ISO – International Organization for Standardization
* AACC – American Association for Clinical Chemistry
* CAP – College of American Pathologists
* JCAHO – Joint Commission on Accreditation of
Healthcare Organizations
* NFPA – National Fire Protection Association
78
Define the following acronyms:
PCQACL
BHFS
PSP
DOH
* PCQACL – Philippine Council for Quality Assurance
in Clinical Laboratories
* BHFS – Bureau of Health Facilities and Services
* PSP – Philippine Society for Pathologists
* DOH – Department of Health
79
issues guidelines for managing diseases
* CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
80
formerly known as NCLS, National Committee for
Laboratory Standards; issues standards on all
aspects of laboratory practice–voluntary census
* CLSI – Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
81
regulate employee safety in the
workplace
OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
82
issues standard to facilitate international goods or
services–global consensus; ISO15189
ISO – International Organization for Standardization
83
global scientific dedicated to medical science and
application to health care organization
AACC – American Association for Clinical Chemistry
84
this LOCAL agency is under DOH
BHFS – Bureau of Health Facilities and Services
85
Diamond-shaped, color-coded symbol
NFPA HAZARD IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
86
Can be graded from 0 (lowest) to 4 (highest) (except
for other special info.)
4 COLOR-CODED QUADRANTS
87
4 COLOR-CODED QUADRANTS
What is the color of HEALTH HAZARD
Blue
88
4 COLOR-CODED QUADRANTS
What is the color of FLAMMABLE HAZARD
Red
89
4 COLOR-CODED QUADRANTS
What is the color of REACTIVITY/STABILITY HAZARD
Yellow
90
4 COLOR-CODED QUADRANTS
What is the color of OTHER SPECIAL INFORMATION
White
91
WHAT ARE THE MOST FREQUENTLY PORT OF ENTRY OF INFECTIONS
Eyes, skin, respiratory and digestive track
92
PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTES
Color: Red
Waste type: ?
Sharps and needles
93
PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTES
Color: Yellow
Waste type: ?
Infectious wastes
94
PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTES
Color: Yellow with Black Band
Waste type: ?
Chemical wastes
95
PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTES
Color: Green
Waste type: ?
Non-infectious WET
96
PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTES
Color: Black
Waste type: ?
Non-infectious DRY
97
PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTES
Color: Orange
Waste type: ?
Radioactive
