Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CCLECT > M1: INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > Flashcards

M1: INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical comes from the word “kline” which means?

A

bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

branch of science that deals with
elements and compound

A

chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

area of pathology that is
generally concerned with analysis of body fluids.

A

Clinical Chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the scope of clinical chemistry

A
  • Instrumentation, Automation, Point-of-care testing
    (POCT), Quality Assurance, Laboratory Safety
  • Analytic Procedures (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nonprotein nitrogen (NPNs), Electrolytes,
    Blood Gases)
  • Enzymology, Endocrinology, Pharmacology,
    Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Toxicology, Tumor
    Markers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the uses of testing in the Clinical Laboratory

A
  • Confirming a clinical diagnosis
  • Excluding a diagnosis
  • Assisting in selection, optimization, and monitoring of
    treatment
  • Providing a prognosis
  • Screening of disease in the absence of clinical signs
    or symptoms
    o E.g., HIV, Hepatitis B (Window period)
  • Establishing and monitoring the severity of a
    physiological disturbance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Importance of Clinical Laboratory

A
  • Aid in patient diagnosis and treatment
  • Involved in the analysis of biochemical byproducts
  • Plays an importance role through periodic
    measurements of HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin),
    microalbumin and other analytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Role of Medical Technologist in Clinical Chemistry

A

Phlebotomist
Sample Processing
Quality Control of a Laboratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the amount of light that is absorbed
by analyte in a solution; absorbance is directly
proportional to the concentration of analyte.

A

absorbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

state of decrease of basic (alkali)
compounds and an accumulation of acid compounds
in the blood causing a decrease in pH.

A

Acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ability of a test to obtain the known target
value for a sample; an accurate test exhibits minimal
bias and imprecision.

A

Accuracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

attractive force between substances or
particles that causes them to enter into and remain in chemical combination, for example; the binding of
antibody to antigen.

A

Affinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

a measured portion of a sample

A

Aliquot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

state of excess of basic (alkali)
compounds or loss of acidic compounds in the blood
causing an increase in pH.

A

Alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

organic acid that is the building block
for proteins

A

Amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

substance that is being measured (e.g.,
glucose, sodium, cholesterol).

A
  • Analyte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

all procedures related to the
testing of a sample for an analyte.

A

Analytical phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

– a spectrophotometric method
in which the analyte is an element (e.g., Ca), and it
absorbs light at a specific wavelength. Decreases in
light intensity hitting a photodetector corresponds to
increased analyte concentrations.

A

Atomic absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

– average affinity of a mixture of antibody to
their corresponding antigen.

A

Avidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

a laboratory grade water and other reagents
are set up and tested as though it was another
sample. This checks for background interference
from reagents and allows for correction.

A

Blank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

– a liquid that resists change in pH when an
acid or base is added. A buffer consists of a weak
acid and its conjugate base. An example of a buffer
is acetic acid and sodium acetate

A

Buffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the process of using calibrators
(samples with known analyte concentration) to
construct a calibration curve used to quantitate
analyte concentration in unknown (patient)
specimens.

A
  • Calibration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

substance that accelerates a chemical
reaction, such as an enzyme in the body

A

Catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

an ion carrying a positive charge.

A

Cation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

electrode which gains electrons or is
reduced. In other words, it is where reduction occurs
in an electrochemical cell.

A

Cathode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

is a process used to separate or
concentrate materials suspended in a liquid medium
by use of the centrifugal force.

A

Centrifugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

amount of analyte measured in a
sample expressed quantitatively (e.g., mg/dL,
mmol/L).

A

Concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

a serum-based material with assigned
target values and acceptable ranges to evaluate the
accuracy and reproducibility of a diagnostic assay

A

Control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

a reaction vessel (similar to a tube) used
in photometric analyzers

A

Cuvette

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

a drying agent or substance capable of
absorbing moisture

A

Desiccant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

a sealed chamber in which samples
can be dried in the presence of a desiccant.

A

Desiccator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

– is the movement of particles from an area
of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

A

Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

when a solvent is added to a solution,
making it less concentrated.

A

Dilution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

is when a chemical reaction breaks a
compound into two or more parts. For example, NaCl
dissociates into Na+ and Cl- in water

A

Dissociation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

is when a gas moves through an opening
into a low-pressure container (e.g., is drawn by a
vacuum). Effusion occurs more quickly than diffus

A

Effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

an ionic compound that dissolves in
water to produce ions, which can conduct electricity.
Strong electrolytes completely dissociate in water,
while weak electrolytes only partially dissociate or
break apart in water.

A

Electrolyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

– protein in the body that acts as a catalyst
and converts substrate to product

A

Enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

a measure of the amount of
enzyme catalytic activity found in a sample; enzyme
concentration is often expressed in terms of activity
instead of quantitative units.

A

Enzymatic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

occurs in reversible reactions when
the forward rate of the reaction is the same as the
reverse rate of the reaction.

A

Equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

– fluid which has leaked out of a tissue or
capillary, usually in response to inflammation or
injury

A

Exudate

40
Q

a lipoprotein
particle found in blood that is composed of a high
proportion of protein with little triglyceride and
cholesterol and is associated with reduced risk of
atherosclerosis

A

HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)

41
Q

the most
common interferents found in blood specimens.

A

HIL (hemolysis, icterus, lipemia)

42
Q

What is HIL

A

hemolysis, icterus and lipemia

43
Q

a chemical substance or compound
having a physical property that changes abruptly,
usually color, near the endpoint or equivalence point
of a chemical reaction

A

Indicator

44
Q

assay that relies on an antigenantibody reaction. Intracellular: component found
inside the cel

A

Immunoassay

45
Q

a potentiometric
device used to selectively measure individual
electrolytes such as Na, K and Cl.

A

Ion-selective electrode (ISE)

46
Q

Lipoprotein
particle found in blood composed of protein, with little triglyceride and high proportion of cholesterol, and is associated with increased risk of developing
atherosclerosis.

A
  • LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)
47
Q

milky coloration of plasma caused by
increased lipid accumulation, usually triglycerides.

A

Lipemia

48
Q

the common analytes of cholesterol and
triglycerides and related compounds such as free
fatty acids and lipoproteins

A
  • Lipids
49
Q

– the curved surface of a liquid.

A

Meniscus

50
Q

products of anabolism and catabolism;
analytes created by synthesis in the body (e.g.,
glucose, cholesterol) or breakdown (e.g., creatinine,
urea).

A

Metabolites

51
Q

the basic measurement
principle or technique that is used in an analytical
system to perform a test

A

Method/Methodology

52
Q

– a force that moves water or
another solvent across a membrane separating a
solution. Usually, the movement is from the lower to
the higher concentration.

A

Osmotic Pressure

53
Q

measuring light intensity at various
wavelengths

A
  • Photometry
54
Q

– lipid deposits in arteries causing stenosis
and leading to cardiovascular disease.

A

Plaque

55
Q

the clear, yellow fluid obtained when blood
is drawn into a tube containing anticoagulant; the
clotting factors have not been activated and a clot is
not formed (usually a purple, green or light blue tube)

A
  • Plasma
56
Q

all procedures related to
specimen handling and result reporting after the
analytical (testing) phase

A

Postanalytical phase

57
Q

all procedures related to
specimen collection and handling that precede the
analytical (testing) phase.

A

Preanalytical phase

58
Q

the reproducibility of a test; the ability to
obtain very similar quantitative values on repeat
testing of a sample

A

Precision

59
Q

use of scientific methods to
maintain the most accurate data possible. Procedures performed to check against a standard,
such as blanks, duplicates, and spikes.

A

Quality Control

60
Q

a chemical mixture to which a sample is
added to conduct a test.

A
  • Reagent
61
Q

the expected normal
concentration range for an analyte in a patient
population; often varies with age, gender or other
partitioning factors.

A

Reference interval

62
Q

the specimen after preparation for analysis
(e.g., serum or plasma after centrifugation).

A

Sample

63
Q

liquid portion of plasma that remains after
clot is removed

A

Serum

64
Q

– the ability to detect small quantities of a
measured component

A

Sensitivity

65
Q

is the substance that gets dissolved in a
solvent. Usually, it refers to a solid that is dissolved in
a liquid. If you are mixing two liquids (Links to an
external site.), the solute is the one that is present in
a smaller amount

A
  • Solute
66
Q

is the liquid that dissolves a solute in
solution. Technically, you can dissolve gases into
liquids or into other gases, too. When making a
solution where both substances are in the same
phase (e.g., liquid-liquid), the solvent is the largest
component of the solution.

A

Solvent

67
Q

the type of biologic fluid in which the
analyte is found (e.g., blood, urine, CSF) or the form
in which the fluid is tested (e.g., serum, plasma,
whole blood).

A

Specimen

68
Q

measuring light intensity at
various wavelengths.

A

Spectrophotometry

69
Q

are samples for which the analyst knows
the true value before running the test. Standards can
be made in-house or purchased from laboratory
supply companies. Standards are often used to
calibrate instruments and to evaluate the accuracy of
an analysis

A

Standard

70
Q

the amount of antibody found in a specimen
as a result of exposure to an antigen; a high titer
typically occurs after an immune response and the
titer decreases over time after exposure to the
antigen.

A

Titer

71
Q

analysis of therapeutic drugs or drugs
of abuse.

A

Toxicology

72
Q

– anchoring the calibrators of a test
method to recognized reference materials and/or
reference methods to ensure accuracy of results;
described by a metrological traceability chain

A

Traceability

73
Q

the aqueous waste fluid produced by the
kidneys; the next most common body fluid after blood
used for testing.

A

Urine

74
Q

the light-scattering property associated
with suspended particles in a liquid. A turbid solution
appears cloudy.

A

Turbidity

75
Q

What are the different International Agencies that issues Guidelines/Standards

A

CDC
CLSI
OSHA
ISO
AACC
CAP
JCAHO
NFPA

76
Q

What are the different Local Agencies that issues Guidelines/Standards

A

PCQACL
BHFS
PSP
DOH

77
Q

Define the following acronyms:
CDC
CLSI
OSHA
ISO
AACC
CAP
JCAHO
NFPA

A
  • CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • CLSI – Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
  • OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health
    Administration
  • ISO – International Organization for Standardization
  • AACC – American Association for Clinical Chemistry
  • CAP – College of American Pathologists
  • JCAHO – Joint Commission on Accreditation of
    Healthcare Organizations
  • NFPA – National Fire Protection Association
78
Q

Define the following acronyms:
PCQACL
BHFS
PSP
DOH

A
  • PCQACL – Philippine Council for Quality Assurance
    in Clinical Laboratories
  • BHFS – Bureau of Health Facilities and Services
  • PSP – Philippine Society for Pathologists
  • DOH – Department of Health
79
Q

issues guidelines for managing diseases

A
  • CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
80
Q

formerly known as NCLS, National Committee for
Laboratory Standards; issues standards on all
aspects of laboratory practice–voluntary census

A
  • CLSI – Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
81
Q

regulate employee safety in the
workplace

A

OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health
Administration

82
Q

issues standard to facilitate international goods or
services–global consensus; ISO15189

A

ISO – International Organization for Standardization

83
Q

global scientific dedicated to medical science and
application to health care organization

A

AACC – American Association for Clinical Chemistry

84
Q

this LOCAL agency is under DOH

A

BHFS – Bureau of Health Facilities and Services

85
Q

Diamond-shaped, color-coded symbol

A

NFPA HAZARD IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

86
Q

Can be graded from 0 (lowest) to 4 (highest) (except
for other special info.)

A

4 COLOR-CODED QUADRANTS

87
Q

4 COLOR-CODED QUADRANTS

What is the color of HEALTH HAZARD

A

Blue

88
Q

4 COLOR-CODED QUADRANTS

What is the color of FLAMMABLE HAZARD

A

Red

89
Q

4 COLOR-CODED QUADRANTS

What is the color of REACTIVITY/STABILITY HAZARD

A

Yellow

90
Q

4 COLOR-CODED QUADRANTS

What is the color of OTHER SPECIAL INFORMATION

A

White

91
Q

WHAT ARE THE MOST FREQUENTLY PORT OF ENTRY OF INFECTIONS

A

Eyes, skin, respiratory and digestive track

92
Q

PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTES

Color: Red
Waste type: ?

A

Sharps and needles

93
Q

PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTES

Color: Yellow
Waste type: ?

A

Infectious wastes

94
Q

PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTES

Color: Yellow with Black Band
Waste type: ?

A

Chemical wastes

95
Q

PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTES

Color: Green
Waste type: ?

A

Non-infectious WET

96
Q

PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTES

Color: Black
Waste type: ?

A

Non-infectious DRY

97
Q

PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTES

Color: Orange
Waste type: ?

A

Radioactive

CCLECT (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions