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CCLECT > COLORIMETRY > Flashcards

COLORIMETRY Flashcards

1
Q

Photons of energy travelling in waves.

A

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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2
Q

Photons means

A

Light

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3
Q

Relationship between energy and wavelength is
described by __

A

Planck’s

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4
Q

Relationship between energy and wavelength is
described by Planck’s

A

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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5
Q

What is the Planck’s formula

A

E=hv

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6
Q

What is E in Planck’s formula

A

energy of photon (joules, EV)

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7
Q

What is h in Planck’s formula

A

constant

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8
Q

What is the h constant value

A

6.626 x 10-34 erg sec)

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9
Q

What is the v in plancks

A

frequency

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10
Q

What is frequency

A

number of vibration of wave
motion per second

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11
Q

T/F
Frequency is directly proportional to energy

A

T

v=E

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12
Q

distance between the middle line to the peak

A

Amplitude

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13
Q

Other term for CREST

A

PEAK

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14
Q

Important because it tells if light is visible or not

A

WAVELENGTH

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15
Q

The distance between two successive peaks
(expressed in nanometer)

A

WAVELENGTH

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16
Q

T/F
Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency

A

T

↑W = ↓F
↓W = ↑F

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17
Q

<400 nm

A

Ultraviolet region (UV)

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18
Q

400-700 nm

A

visible spectrum (normal)

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19
Q

> 700 nm

A

Infrared region (↓energy)

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20
Q

COLORS AND COMPLEMENTARY COLORS OF VISIBLE SPECTRUM

Wavelength: 350 - 430
Color absorbed?
Complementary Colors?

A

Violet……..Yellow - Green

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21
Q

COLORS AND COMPLEMENTARY COLORS OF VISIBLE SPECTRUM

Wavelength: 431 - 475
Color absorbed?
Complementary Colors?

A

Blue……Yellow

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22
Q

COLORS AND COMPLEMENTARY COLORS OF VISIBLE SPECTRUM

Wavelength: 476 - 495
Color absorbed?
Complementary Colors?

A

Green - Blue………..Orange

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23
Q

COLORS AND COMPLEMENTARY COLORS OF VISIBLE SPECTRUM

Wavelength: 496 - 505
Color absorbed?
Complementary Colors?

A

Blue - Green……….Red

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24
Q

COLORS AND COMPLEMENTARY COLORS OF VISIBLE SPECTRUM

Wavelength: 505 - 555
Color absorbed?
Complementary Colors?

A

Green……………..Purple

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25
Q

COLORS AND COMPLEMENTARY COLORS OF VISIBLE SPECTRUM

Wavelength: 556 - 575
Color absorbed?
Complementary Colors?

A

Yellow - Green……………………..Violet

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26
Q

COLORS AND COMPLEMENTARY COLORS OF VISIBLE SPECTRUM

Wavelength: 576 - 600
Color absorbed?
Complementary Colors?

A

Yellow……………….Blue

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27
Q

COLORS AND COMPLEMENTARY COLORS OF VISIBLE SPECTRUM

Wavelength: 601 - 650
Color absorbed?
Complementary Colors?

A

Orange………….Green - Blue

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28
Q

COLORS AND COMPLEMENTARY COLORS OF VISIBLE SPECTRUM

Wavelength: 651 - 700
Color absorbed?
Complementary Colors?

A

Red……….Blue - Green

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29
Q
  • The number of vibrations of wave motion per second.
A

FREQUENCY

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30
Q

COLOR WHEEL

Yellow

A

Violet

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31
Q

COLOR WHEEL

Orange Yellow

A

Blue-Violet

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32
Q

COLOR WHEEL

Orange

A

Blue

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33
Q

COLOR WHEEL

Red-Orange

A

Blue-Green

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34
Q

COLOR WHEEL

Red

A

Green

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35
Q

COLOR WHEEL

Violet Red

A

Yellow-Green

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36
Q

Most commonly used instrument for measurement of
analytes.

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETER

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37
Q

Measure the light intensity in a narrower wavelength

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETER

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38
Q

Determine the light transmitted by the solution

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETER

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39
Q

State the parts of Spectrophotometer in order

A

Light Source -> Entrance Slit -> Monochromator -> Exit Slit -> Sample cuvette -> PM tube -> A/D -> Display

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40
Q

Light Source is AKA ?

A

aka radiant source

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41
Q

Light source provides ____ light

A

polychromatic

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42
Q

Light with no specific wavelength

A

polychromatic light

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43
Q

Generates sufficient radiant energy to measure
the analyte of interest

A

LIGHT SOURCE

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44
Q

Two types of Light Source

A

Continuum Source
Line Source

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45
Q

Emits radiation that changes in intensity

A

Continuum Source

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46
Q

Examples of Continuum Source

A

Tungsten-Iodide Lamp
Deuterium Lamp
Xenon Discharge Lamp

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47
Q

◦ aka incandescent
◦ Provides light up to 1200 nm
◦ Can transport visible spectrum (15%)
and infrared region (the rest)aka incandescent
◦ Provides light up to 1200 nm
◦ Can transport visible spectrum (15%)
and infrared region (the rest)

A

Tungsten-Iodide Lamp

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48
Q

Emits light up to the UV region
(↓165nm)

A

Deuterium Lamp

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49
Q

Emits light in UV region and visible
region

A

Xenon Discharge Lamp

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50
Q

Emits limited radiation and wavelength

A

Line Source

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51
Q

Examples of Line Source

A

Mercury Arc Lamp, Sodium Vapor Lamp
Hollow Cathode Lamp
Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation (LASER)

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52
Q

An example of a Line source:
UV region and visible

A

Mercury Arc Lamp, Sodium Vapor Lamp

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53
Q

An example of a Line source:
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
(AAS)

A

Hollow Cathode Lamp

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54
Q

An example of a Line source:
Light stimulation
Different types of LASER emit different wavelengths

A

Light Amplification by the Stimulated
Emission of Radiation (LASER)

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55
Q

5 IMPORTANT FACTORS IN LIGHT SOURCE

A
  1. Range
  2. Spectral Distribution within Range
  3. Source of Radiant Production
  4. Stability of Radiant Energy
  5. Temperature
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56
Q

Prevents entrance of scattered light into the
monochromator

A

ENTRANCE SLIT

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57
Q

The entrance slit minimizes __

A

stray light

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58
Q

What is stray light

A

a light that does not come from
the light source

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59
Q

Aka unwanted light

A

Stray light

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60
Q

▪ Any wavelength outside the band
transmitted by the monochromator
▪ Most common cause of loss of linearity at
high-analyte concentration

A

Stray light

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61
Q

Isolate specific wavelength from the polychromatic
light emitted by the light source

A

MONOCHROMATOR

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62
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 KINDS OF MONOCHROMATOR

A

Prisms, Diffraction gratings, filters

63
Q

Wedge-shaped piece of glass, quarts or sodium
chloride

A

prisms

64
Q

Can be rotated to allow only the desired
wavelength to pass through.

A

prisms

65
Q

What is the downside of prisms

A

shorter wavelength are refracted
than longer wavelength

66
Q

Made by cutting grooves (parallel grooves) or
slits into an aluminized surface of a flat piece of
crown glass

A

Diffraction Gratings

67
Q

Wavelengths are bent as they pass a sharp
corner (diffraction).

A

Diffraction Gratings

68
Q

o Are simple, least expensive, not precise but
useful

A

Filters

69
Q

Bounces until isolate the desired wavelength

A

Filters

70
Q

Filters are made by placing semi-transparent silver films on both sides of ______

A

dielectric

71
Q

Give an example of dielectric

A

Magnesium fluoride (MgF)

72
Q

Allows wide band of radiant energy and have
low transmittance of the selected wavelength

A

Filters

73
Q

Give the three components of quality control

A

Wavelength Accuracy (important)

Dydimium (360nm) or Holmium oxide filter
(600nm)

Neutral density filters and dichromate solution

74
Q

QUALITY CONTROL:

Check wavelength accuracy

A

Dydimium (360nm) or Holmium oxide filter
(600nm)

75
Q

replace monochromator to check for accuracy

A

Dydimium (360nm)

76
Q

Use to verify absorbance, accuracy, and
linearity

A

Neutral density filters and dichromate solution

77
Q

Allow narrow fraction of specific wavelength to
pass through (desired wavelength)

A

EXIT SLIT

78
Q

Exit slit controls the _________

A

width of light beam

79
Q

total range of wavelength transmitted by
the monochromator

A

Bandpass:

80
Q

What is accurate absorbance

A

bandpass of <1/5 the natural bandpass of the
spectrophotometer

81
Q

Other names for Cuvet/Cuvette

A

Absorption cell, analytical cell, sample cell

82
Q

Why does cuvet dissolve

A

when there’s a prolonged
contact with alkaline solution producing
scratches

83
Q

Why is cuvet need to be discarded if there are scratches

A

Because it will scatters light

84
Q

Purpose of cuvet/cuvette

A

It holds the solution to be measured.

85
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 KINDS OF CUVET

A
  • Alumina Silica Glass
  • Quartz/Plastic
  • Borosilicate Glass
  • Soft Glass
86
Q

TYPE OF CUVET

used in 350-2000 nm
Most commonly used
From UV to IR

A

Alumina Silica Glass

87
Q

TYPE OF CUVET

If the solution requires visible or ultraviolet
region

A

Quartz/Plastic

88
Q

Convert light emitted into photoelectric energy
Intensity of transmitted light

A

PHOTODETECTOR

89
Q

WHAT ARE THE DIFF KINDS OF PHOTODETECTOR

A

Photocell
Phototube
Photomultiplier tube
Photodiode

90
Q

Other name for photocell

A

aka Barrier layer cell, photovoltaic cell

91
Q

Simplest, least expensive, bu temperature
sensitive

A

Photocell

92
Q

Composed of light-sensitive material (selenium
on an iron plate) covered with transparent layer
of silver

A

Photocell

93
Q

Used in detecting radiation in the visible region

A

Photocell

94
Q

What is the maximum sensitivity of photocell

A

550 nm

95
Q

Contains cathode (rubidium or lithium) and
anode enclosed in glass case

A

Phototube

96
Q

Photocell and Phototube is almost the same and only differs in ______

A

the energy source

97
Q

o most commonly used
o Used in detecting visible and UV regions
o Has excellent sensitivity and rapid response

A

Photomultiplier Tube

98
Q

Why is PM tube has excellent sensitivity and rapid response

A

Because it can detect very low levels of
light

99
Q

PM tube is ___ more sensitive than phototube

A

200x

100
Q

Has photocathode and dynodes which Burns when exposed to outside light

A

Photomultiplier Tube

101
Q

With excellent linearity
o Most useful as a simultaneous multichannel
detecto

A

Photodiode

102
Q

Displays output of the detection system
o Give out value generated by photodetector in
numbers

A

READ-OUT DEVICE

103
Q

Give the three examples of READ-OUT DEVICE

A
  • Galvanometer
  • Ammeter
  • Light-emitting diode (LED) display
104
Q

what is BEER LAW

A
  • “It states that the concentration of the unknown
    substance is directly proportional to the absorbed
    light (absorbance) and inversely proportional to the
    transmitted light (% transmittance).”
105
Q

BEER LAW

↑solute = ____

A

↓transmitted light

106
Q

The amount of light absorbed
* Measured in spectrophotometry

A

ABSORBANCE

107
Q

Proportional to the inverse log of transmittance

A

ABSORBANCE

108
Q

ABSORBANCE is Mathematically derived from ?

A

%Transmittance

109
Q

ABSORBANCE is expressed as

A

A = abc = 2 − log%T

110
Q

Where a is:

A

absorptivity of light

111
Q

Where b is:

A

length of light through the solution (light path)

112
Q

Where c is:

A

concentration of solution

113
Q

light path depends on ___

A

cuvet

114
Q

the most common light path ofcuvet

A

1 cm

115
Q

Ratio of radiant energy transmitted (T) divided by the
radiant energy incident of the sample (I)

T = transmitted light
o I = original wavelength

A

PERCENT TRANSMITTANCE (%T)

116
Q

What is PERCENT TRANSMITTANCE (%T)

A

Ratio of radiant energy transmitted (T) divided by the
radiant energy incident of the sample (I)

117
Q

%T measured by commercial spectrophotometers:

A

Ratio of sample transmitted beam divided by the
blank transmitted beam

118
Q

correct absorbance; it follows the beer’s law

A

BLANKING TECHNIQUE

119
Q

What are the two blanking techniques

A

REAGENT BLANK, SAMPLE BLANK

120
Q
  • used to correct absorbance caused by color of reagents (subtract)
A

REAGENT BLANK

121
Q

measures absorbance of sample and reagent in the absence of the end-product (correct for interferences)

A

SAMPLE BLANK

122
Q

Other name for flame photometry

A

a Flame Emission Photometry

123
Q

It measures the light emitted by excited single atom

A

FLAME PHOTOMETRY

124
Q

Atoms are excited through ____

A

FLAMES

125
Q

What is the Principle of Flame Photometry

A

Excitation of electrons from lower to higher energy state

126
Q

What is the Purpose of Flame Photometry

A

measurement of excited ions

127
Q

Example of excited ions:

A

Na+
K+
Li+

128
Q

What are the components of Flame Photometry

A

Light Source: Flame (is the cuvette)

Monochromator: Filter

Photodetector: Photocell

129
Q

What is the METHOD of Flame Photometry

A

Indirect Internal Standard Method

130
Q

What is the Internal Standard of Flame Photometry

A

Lithium or Cesium

131
Q

Which is preferred in the internal standard in flame photometry?

A

Lithium

132
Q

Correct variation in flame and AAS
characteristics

A

Internal Standard

133
Q

Two types of SPECTROPHOTOMETER

A

SINGLE-BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER
DOUBLE-BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER

134
Q

Simplest type
* Designed to make one measurement at a time at one
specified wavelength

A

SINGLE-BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER

135
Q

The ______ of the analyte must be known in advance when a single-beam instrument is
used

A

absorption maximum

136
Q

Type that splits monochromatic light into two
components

A

DOUBLE-BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER

137
Q

DOUBLE BEAM

The _____ of the sample can be recorded
directly as the _____ of the sample beam

A

absorbance, electrical output

138
Q

TYPES OF DOUBLE-BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER

A

DOUBLE-BEAM IN SPACE
DOUBLE-BEAM IN TIME

139
Q

Has 2 photodetectors:
o sample beam
o reference beam

A

DOUBLE-BEAM IN SPACE

140
Q

What are the 2 photodetectors in double-beam in space

A

sample beam, reference beam

141
Q

Has one photodetector and alternately passes
the monochromatic light through the sample cuvet
and then reference cuvet using a chopper or rotating
sector mirror

A

DOUBLE-BEAM IN TIME

142
Q

It measures the light absorbed by atoms dissociated
by heat.

A

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
(AAS)

143
Q

Dissociate the element from its bond
* More sensitive than flame

A

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
(AAS)

144
Q

Reference method for the measurement of
Magnesium and Calcium

A

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
(AAS)

145
Q

AAS is a reference method for the measurement of ___ and ____

A

Magnesium and Calcium

146
Q

What is the principle of AAS

A

element is not excited by merely
dissociated from its chemical bond and place in a
unionized, unexcited, ground state.

147
Q

What is the PURPOSE of AAS

A

measurement of unexcited ions

148
Q

Example of unexcited ions

A

(Ca2+ & Mg2+)

149
Q

What are the components of AAS

A

Components:
o Light source: Hallow-cathode lamp
o Monochromator: diffraction gratings, prism
o Photodetector: photomultiplier tube

150
Q

What is the interferences in AAS

A

Phosphate

151
Q

How to interfere with phosphate

A

Add strontium or Lanthanum chloride
(chelates phosphate)

152
Q

What is ZEEMAN EFFECT

A

The presence of intense static magnetic field will
cause the wavelength of the emitted radiation to split
into several components (shift in wavelength)
↑ static magnetic field = split to several components

153
Q

The presence of intense static magnetic field will
cause the wavelength of the emitted radiation to split
into several components (shift in wavelength)
↑ static magnetic field = split to several components

A

ZEEMAN EFFECT

154
Q

↑ static magnetic field = split to several components

A

ZEEMAN EFFECT

CCLECT (4 decks)

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