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DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING > M1: Intro to Med Imaging > Flashcards

M1: Intro to Med Imaging Flashcards

0
Q

Produced by focusing a beam of high energy electrons onto a tungsten target. Electromagnetic radiation.

A

X-ray

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1
Q

Person who Discovered Xray

A

Wilhelm Rontgen

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2
Q

In Xray: Tissue of high density. High atomic numbers. Lighter grey or white.

A

Dense/Opaque (Greater Attenuation)

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3
Q

In Xray: Darker than tissues of higher density.

A

Lucent (Lesses Attenuation)

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4
Q

Plain Radiographs: Black in color. Lungs, bowel & stomach.

A

Air/Gas

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5
Q

Plain Radiographs: Off white in color.

A

Bone

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6
Q

Plain Radiographs: Light grey. Solid organs, heart, blood vessels, muscles & fluid filled organs such as bladder.

A

Soft tissues/water

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7
Q

Plain Radiographs: Bright white in color.

A

Contrast material/metal

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8
Q

Plain Radiographs: Dark grey in color. Subcutaneous tissue layer.

A

Fat

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9
Q

Cassettes are inserted in the laser reader. ADC produces an image.

A

Computed radiography

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10
Q

Detector screen containing silicon detectors. Produce electrical signal when exposed to x-rays.

A

Digital radiography

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11
Q

Advantages of digital over conventional radiography: _______ of areas of interest.

A

Magnification

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12
Q

Advantages of digital over conventional radiography: Alteration of _______.

A

Density

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13
Q

Advantages of digital over conventional radiography: Measurement of ________ & _______.

A

Distances & Angles.

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14
Q

Large computer storage facility. Images form different modalities are stored. Allows instant recall and display of patients’ imaging study. Easy accessibility for other hospital facilities.

A

Picturing & Archiving System (PACS)

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15
Q

Constant stream of X-rays. Angiography and interventional radiology. Contrast studies on the GI tract. Guidance of therapeutic injections and arthrograms. Screening in theater.

A

Fluoroscopy

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16
Q

Computer removes unwanted information from a radiographic image.

A

Digital Subtraction Angiography

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17
Q

High atomic number. Strongly absorbs x-rays. Used in GI tract studies, CT scan, DSA & Arthrography. For enhancements.

A

Barium & Iodine (contrast materials)

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18
Q

Cross sectional imaging with the use of x-rays. Rotating gantry on one side and a set of detectors on the other side. Images are analyzed by computers. Accurate display of cross-sectional anatomy, differentiation of organs and pathology.

A

CT scan

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19
Q

CT scan has sensitivity to the presence of specific materials such as

A

Fat & Calcium

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20
Q

Density measurement of water in CT scan

A

0

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21
Q

Differentiation of normal blood vessels from abnormal masses. To make an abnormality more apparent. To demonstrate the vascular nature of a mass and thus aid in characterization.

A

Intravenous contrast

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22
Q

Differentiation of normal enhancing bowel loops from abnormal masses or fluid collections. Diagnosis of perforation of the GI tract & of leaking surgical anastomoses.

A

Oral Contrast

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22
Q

Example of Lab procedure that uses an Oral contrast

A

CT Enterography

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22
Q

Detailed examination of the pelvis and distal large bowel

A

Rectal Contrast

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23
Q

CT scan: High Attenuation

A

High density

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24
Q

CT scan: Low attenuation

A

Low density

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25
Q

CT scan: Low density color

A

Black

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26
Q

CT scan: High density color

A

Light grey or white

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27
Q

Alteration of grey-scale settings. Image information can be manipulated to display various tissue of the body.

A

CT scan: Windows

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28
Q

Helical/Spiral CT scanners. Tube and detectors rotate as the patient passes through on the scanning table.

A

Multidetector Row CT scan (MDCT)

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29
Q

Number of row scanner in MDCT

A

16-320

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30
Q

Advantages of MDCT vs Conventional CT: Increase _______ of examination.

A

Increase

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31
Q

Advantages of MDCT vs Conventional CT: ________ examination at optimal levels of IV contrast concentration.

A

Rapid

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32
Q

Advantages of MDCT vs Conventional CT: Continues volumetric nature of data allows ______ high quality 3D and _________ reconstruction.

A

Accurate. Multiplanar.

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33
Q

For CT Enterography. Brain perfusion scanning. Planning of fracture repair in complex areas: acetabulum, foot & ankle, distal radius and carpus. Display of complex anatomy for planning of cranial and facial reconstruction surgery.

A

Multidetector CT (MDCT)

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34
Q

Disadvantages of MDCT: Ionizing _______.

A

Radiation

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35
Q

Disadvantages of MDCT: Hazard of IV ____________.

A

Contrast material

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36
Q

Disadvantages of MDCT: Lack of ________ of equipment.

A

Portability

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37
Q

Disadvantages of MDCT: Relatively High _______.

A

Cost

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38
Q

High frequency sound waves. For abdominal pathology.

A

Ultrasound

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39
Q

Basic component of an Ultrasound

A

Piezoelectric crystals

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40
Q

Reflected sound waves

A

Echoes

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41
Q

Varying sound wave reflection

A

Ethnogenicity

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42
Q

Ultrasound: Reflect more sound waves

A

Hyperechoic

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43
Q

Ultrasound: Hyperechoic color

A

White or Light grey

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44
Q

Ultrasound: Reflect less sound waves

A

Hypoechoic

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45
Q

Ultrasound: Hypoechoic color

A

Dark grey

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46
Q

Ultrasound: Black in color

A

Anechoic

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47
Q

Tissues distally receive more sound waves.

A

Ultrasound Acoustic Enhancement

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48
Q

In Ultrasound Acoustic Enhancement, what organs appear lighter.

A

Distal to gallbladder: urinary bladder or simple cyst.

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49
Q

Reverse effect. Darker.

A

Ultrasound Acoustic Shadowing

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50
Q

In Acoustic Shadowing, these appears darker.

A

Gas containing bowel, Gallstone, Renal stones & Breast malignancy “GGRB”

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51
Q

For the quantitation of blood flow. Confirm blood flow within organs (ex.testis to exclude torsion). Assess the vascularity of tumors.

A

Doppler Ultrasound

52
Q

Doppler Ultz: Color of blood flowing away from the transducer.

A

Blue (Vein)

53
Q

Doppler Ultz: Color of blood flowing towards the transducer.

A

Red (Artery)

54
Q

Application of Ultrasound

A

Solid organs, Urinary tract, Breast, OB Gyn, Musculo & Small organs “SUBO MiSs”

55
Q

Applications of Doppler Ultrasound

A

Vascular CS & Echocardiography “VE”

56
Q

Disadvantages of Ultrasound: ________ dependent.

57
Q

Disadvantages of Ultrasound: cannot penetrate _____ or ______.

A

Gas or bone.

58
Q

Disadvantages of Ultrasound: _________ may obscure structures deep in the abdomen, such as the pancreas or renal arteries.

59
Q

Uses magnetic properties of spinning hydrogen atoms to produce images. Strong external magnetic field.

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

60
Q

Magnetic strength

61
Q

MR signals depend on: ______ & _______ imaging.m

A

Tissue & Structural

62
Q

MR signals depend on: number of hydrogen atoms present in tissue

A

Proton density

63
Q

MR signals depend on: chemical environment of the hydrogen atom

A

Free water or bound by Fat

64
Q

MR signals depend on: Flow

A

Blood vessels or CSF

65
Q

MR signals depend on: ______ susceptibility.

66
Q

MR signals depend on: ____ & ____ relaxation time.

67
Q

MRI Tissue Contrast Imaging: Color of increased water in T1 relaxation (edema, tumor, infarction, inflammation, infection hemorrhage ; hyperacute/chronic)

68
Q

MRI Tissue Contrast Imaging: Color of increased water in T2 relaxation (edema, tumor, infarction, inflammation, infection hemorrhage ; hyperacute/chronic)

69
Q

MRI Tissue Contrast Imaging: Color of low proton density, calcification, flow void in T1 & T2 relaxation.

70
Q

MRI Tissue Contrast Imaging: Color of protein-rich fluid, fat, subcutaneous hemorrhage, melanin, slowly flowing blood, paramagnetic substances and laminar necrosis of cerebral infarction in T1 Relaxation.

71
Q

MRI Tissue Contrast Imaging: Color of Methemoglobin (extracellular) in subacute hemorrhage in T2 Relaxation

72
Q

MRI Tissue Contrast Imaging: Color of protein-rich fluid & paramagnetic substances in T2 Relaxation.

73
Q

Ability to image tissues in various ways by manipulating the various electromagnetic fields it is able to generate. Spin echo, Gradient-recalled echo, Inversion recovery, Diffusion and Perfusion weighted imaging.

A

MRI: Pulse Sequences

74
Q

For arterial anatomy & pathology. 3D. Arteries of the brain, renal & peripheral arteries.

A

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)

75
Q

For venous sinuses of the brain.

A

Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV)

76
Q

In MRA & MRV: blood can appear as Black

77
Q

In MRA & MRV: blood can appear as White

A

Increased signal

78
Q

Contrast MRI material, A Paramagnetic substance that causes T1 shortening leads to increased signal on T1-weighted images. This is highly toxic if unbound.

A

Gadolinium

79
Q

Other name for Gadolinium

A

Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA)

80
Q

Indication for Contrast Material MRI in the Brain: Meningitis & Encephalitis.

A

Inflammation

81
Q

Indication for Contrast Material MRI in the Brain: Primary metastasis

82
Q

Indication for Contrast Material MRI in the Brain: Recurrence after treatment

A

Tumor residua

83
Q

Indication for Contrast Material MRI in the Spine: ________ to differentiate fibrosis to disc protrusion.

A

Post operative

84
Q

Indication for Contrast Material MRI in the Spine: Discitis & Epidural abscess

85
Q

Indication for Contrast Material MRI in the Spine: Primary metastasis

86
Q

Indicated for soft tissue tumors & Arhrography (Musculoskeletal System) and Characterization of tumors in liver, kidney & pancreas.

A

Contrast Material MRI

87
Q

Imaging modality of choice for most brain and spine disorders.

88
Q

MRI Advantages: Excellent soft tissue _____ & ______.

A

Contrast & Characterization

89
Q

MRI Advantages: Lack of ______ from adjacent bones.

90
Q

MRI Advantages: _______ capabilities.

A

Multiplanar

91
Q

MRI Advantages: Lack of ionizing _______.

92
Q

MRI Disadvantages: Examination takes _____.

93
Q

MRI Disadvantages: young children and infants usually require ________.

A

Anesthesia

94
Q

MRI Disadvantages: Patients experiencing pain may require ________.

A

IV pain relief

95
Q

MRI Disadvantages: Abdominal examination, ___________ may be required.

A

Antispasmodic

96
Q

MRI Disadvantages: Safety issues r/t ___________ with the patient.

A

Ferromagnetic materials

97
Q

MRI Disadvantages: High ________ noise levels. Use _______.

A

Auditory. Earplugs.

98
Q

MRI Disadvantages: Fear of narrow space

A

Claustrophobia

99
Q

MRI Disadvantages: Contrast reactions to _________. Allergy & ______ systemic fibrosis.

A

Gadolinium. Nephrogenic.

100
Q

Acoustic Shadowing: near surface or skin

101
Q

Acoustic Shadowing: deep organs like pancreas

102
Q

Acoustic Shadowing: Transvaginal & Transrectal

A

Endocavitary

103
Q

Imaging study for breast tissues. Detect Breast abnormalities.

A

Mammography

104
Q

Two Basic forms of Mammography

A

Screening & Diagnostic

105
Q

Used to check for breast CA after a lump or other sign or symptom of the disease has been found.

A

Diagnostic Mammography

106
Q

Used to look for CA in women with NO symptoms & history of breast surgery. Goal is to detect small cancer in breast tissue.

A

Screening Mammography

107
Q

Age at which Mammography must be started annually.

108
Q

Recommended age for Mammography: with BRCA1 & 2 mutation carriers.

A

By age 30 but not before age 25

109
Q

Recommended age for Mammography: Women with mother or sister with premenopausal breast CA and Women with 20% lifetime risk for Breast CA on family history: by age ____ but not before age ___. Or ___ years earlier than the age of diagnosis of the youngest affected relative.

110
Q

Recommended age for Mammography: Women with histories of mantle radiation received between ages ____ & ____. Beginning ____ years after the radiation therapy but not before age ____.

A

10 & 30. 8. 25.

111
Q

Recommended age for Mammography: Women with biopsy-proven lobular neoplasia, ADH, DCIS, invasive breast CA, or ovarian cancer is _________.

A

Regardless of age

112
Q

Mammography Findings: goes undetected & elude diagnosis.

A

False Negatives

113
Q

Mammography Findings: may look like cancer. Biopsy done=non cancerous.

A

False Positives

114
Q

Use of gamma radiation to form images following the injection of various radiopharmaceuticals.

A

Nuclear Med: Scintigraphy

115
Q

An example of Radiopharmaceuticals

A

Radionuclide

116
Q

Most commonly used for oncology. Isotope is attached to a biological compound to form a radiophramaceutical. Hot spot.

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

117
Q

In PET scan: 2-deoxyglucose labeled with the positron emitter fluorine-18.

118
Q

PET scan Application: tumor staging, assessment of tumor response to therapy, differentiate benign fro, malignant masses and detect tumor recurrence.

119
Q

PET scan Application: non invasive assessment of myocardial viability in patients with coronary arterial disease.

120
Q

PET scan Application: characterization of dementia disorders & localization of seizure focus in epilepsy.

121
Q

Advantages of Scintigraphy: High ________.

A

Sensitivity

122
Q

Advantages of Scintigraphy: _______ info is provided as well as _______ information.

A

Functional. Anatomical.

123
Q

Disadvantages of Scintigraphy: Use of Ionizing _______.

124
Q

Disadvantages of Scintigraphy: ______ of equipment.

125
Q

Disadvantages of Scintigraphy: Extra ______ in handling radioactive materials.

126
Q

Main disadvantage of Scintigraphy.

A

Nonspecificity

127
Q

May reduce the nonspecificity of Scintigraphy

A

Combining Scintigraphy with CT or MRI

128
Q

In MRI: Same for bones.

A

T1 & T2 Relaxation

129
Q

Diagnostic procedure of choice for Bone

130
Q

Diagnostic procedure of choice for spine, brain, musculo & cardio

131
Q

Diagnostic procedure of choice for abdomen

A

Ultrasound

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING (3 decks)

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