M1: Hazards Associated w/ Medical Imaging

Question 0

Hazards in Med Imaging: ________ reactions to iodinated contrast media.

Answer 0

Anaphylactoid

Question 1

Hazards in Med Imaging: Exposure to _________.

Answer 1

Ionizing radiation

Question 2

Hazards in Med Imaging: MRI ______ issues.

Answer 2

Safety

Question 3

Hazards in Med Imaging: Contrast-Induced ________.

Answer 3

Nephropathy

Question 4

Hazards in Med Imaging: caused by Gd-containing contrast media.

Answer 4

Nephrogenic Systemic Sclerosis (NSF)

Question 5

Result of damage to cells, including cell death and genetic damage. Bone marrow, lymph glands and gonad.

Answer 5

Radiation effects

Question 6

Two types of effects may result from radiation damage

Answer 6

Stochastic & Deterministic

Question 7

Dose dependent. Cell death, radiation burns, cataracts and decreased fertility.

Answer 7

Deterministic

Question 8

May occur without threshold level. Probability proportional to dose. Increased cancer risk.

Answer 8

Stochastic

Question 9

Radiation dose from medical imaging techniques. Calculating the overall risk. Concept of susceptibilities of the various tissues and organs & Type of radiation received. Number of frontal CXR. Amount of BG radiation that is received as a normal process. Joules per Kg. Sievert.

Answer 9

Effective dose

Question 10

ALARA Principle

Answer 10

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

Question 11

ALARA Principle: Each radiation is justified on a __________ basis.

Answer 11

Case by Case

Question 12

ALARA Principle: The minimum number of ________ is taken and minimum __________ screening time used.

Answer 12

Radiographs. Fluoroscopic.

Question 13

ALARA Principle: ________ is only used when patient is unable to come to the radiology department.

Answer 13

Mobile Equipment

Question 14

ALARA Principle: ___ or ___ should be used where possible.

Answer 14

Ultz or MRI

Question 15

ALARA Principle: are more sensitive to radiation.

Answer 15

Children

Question 16

ALARA Principle: In Pediatric radiology, use of ________ and adjustment of _________ parameters.

Answer 16

Gonad shields. CT scanning.

Question 17

Exposure to Radiation in Reproductive Age & Pregnancy: Radiation exposure of _______ and _______ should be minimized.

Answer 17

Abdomen & Pelvis

Question 18

Exposure to Radiation in Reproductive Age & Pregnancy: All females of reproductive age asked if they could be _______ prior to radiation exposure.

Answer 18

Pregnant

Question 19

Exposure to Radiation in Reproductive Age & Pregnancy: __________ posted in the medical imaging department asking patients to notify the radiographer of possible pregnancy.

Answer 19

Multilingual signs

Question 20

Exposure to Radiation in Pregnancy: most sensitive during the stage of

Answer 20

Organogenesis

Question 21

Exposure to Radiation in Pregnancy: Post ________ or ideally until baby is born where possible.

Answer 21

24 weeks

Question 22

Exposure to Radiation in Pregnancy: Radiographic exposure to _____, ______ and _______ may still be done any time during the pregnancy.

Answer 22

Chest, Skull & Limbs

Question 23

Exposure to Radiation in Pregnancy: Delay Breastfeeding for

Answer 23

2 days

Question 24

Anaphylactoid Contrast Media Reactions: Mild form

Answer 24

Urticaria & Pruritus “UP”

Question 25

Exposure to Radiation in Pregnancy: Moderate form

Answer 25

More sever Urticaria, Bronchospasm & Hypotension “MBH”

Question 26

Exposure to Radiation in Pregnancy: Severe form

Answer 26

Unconsciousness, Cardiac arrest, Convulsion, More severe bronchospasm, Pulmonary edema, Pulmonary collapse & Laryngeal edema “UCC MPPL”

Question 27

Percentage of mild reactions with non ionic low osmolar contrast media.

Answer 27

3%

Question 28

Percentage of intermediate reactions with non ionic low osmolar contrast media.

Answer 28

0.04%

Question 29

Percentage of severe reactions with non ionic low osmolar contrast media.

Answer 29

0.004%

Question 30

Risk Assessment Questionnaire in Anaphylactoid Contrast Media Reaction: History of ______ & _______. And _______ reaction to iodonated contrast media.

Answer 30

Asthma & Atopy. Previous.

Question 31

Reduction of renal function. >25% increase in serum creatinine within 3 days of contrast medium injection. 15% may require dialysis. Self-limiting with resolution in __________.

Answer 31

Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN). 1-2 weeks.m

Question 32

Risk Factors of CIN

Answer 32

Multiple myeloma, Pre existing renal impairment, Age >60, Recent organ transplant, DHN & Sepsis “M PARDS”

Question 33

CIN Risk Reduction: Risk factors should be identified by

Answer 33

Risk Assessment Questionnaire

Question 34

CIN Risk Reduction: Use of other imaging modalities in high risk patients. Examples are

Answer 34

Ultz & Noncontrast enhanced CT

Question 35

CIN Risk Reduction: Use of __________ as possible.

Answer 35

Minimum contrast

Question 36

CIN Risk Reduction: Adequate _______ before and after contrast medium injection.

Answer 36

Hydration

Question 37

CIN Risk Reduction: Various pretreatments have been described like

Answer 37

Oral acetylcysteine

Question 38

MRI Safety Issues: Interaction of the magnetic fields with ________ materials and __________.

Answer 38

Metallic. Electronic devices.

Question 39

MRI should not be performed on the ff

Answer 39

Electrically active implants, Cochlear implants and Neurostimulators “ECN”

Question 40

Rare disease. Gd-based contrast media complications in patients with renal failure.

Answer 40

Nephrogenic Systemic Sclerosis

Question 41

Initial Symptoms (3 months prior to injection) of NSS

Answer 41

Pain, Erythema (legs), Pruritis, Thickening of skin & SubQ tissues and Fibrosis of internal organs (heart, liver & kidneys) “PEP TF”

Question 42

Should be measured first in patients with NSS

Answer 42

GFR

Question 43

Risk Factors of NSS

Answer 43

Diabetes, HPN, Renal dse & Recent Organ transplant “DHRR”