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BIOETHICS > M1: Fundamentals of Bioethics & Morality > Flashcards

M1: Fundamentals of Bioethics & Morality Flashcards

0
Q

Understanding of the nature of conflicts arising from moral imperatives. Best way we may deal with them. Deals with conflicts in potential outcome (consequences of actions) or with duties. Considers how we should act best in light of our duties and obligations as moral agents.

A

Ethics

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1
Q

Central to modern medical ethics is a respect for patient _________ and the fundamental principle of _________.

A

Autonomy. Informed consent.

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2
Q

Ethics deal with _______.

A

Choices

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3
Q

Physicians should know and exemplify the core values of medicine

A

Compassion, Autonomy & Competence “CAC”

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4
Q

Serve as the foundation of medical ethics

A

Respect for fundamental human rights & CAC

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5
Q

Capacity to make practical judgement in matters involving ethical issues. Judges a concrete act as good or evil.

A

Conscience

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6
Q

Making personal moral decisions is guided by the objective standards of

A

Moral conduct

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7
Q

The failure either to inform the conscience or follow the conscience after informing it

A

Sin

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8
Q

The act itself. Primary & essential element. It is what the act itself pursues. May be good, bad or indifferent.

A

Object

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9
Q

Principal goal or objective. Without it, the act will never be performed.

A

End or Intention

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10
Q

Accidental aspects of the objects or the intention. May affect the goodness of malice of an act.

A

Circumstances

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11
Q

Primary and essential element of the morality of an act.

A

Object

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12
Q

When the object is __________, morality of an act is determined by intention and/or by circumstance.

A

Morally indifferent

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13
Q

Can make an act whose object is indifferent good or evil

A

Principal end or intention

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14
Q

Cannot convert a good act into something bad, or vice versa, can decrease or increase the goodness or malice.

A

Circumstances

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15
Q

What does this patient want?

A

Autonomy

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16
Q

What can be done for them?

A

Beneficence

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17
Q

Is the request fair?

A

Justice

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18
Q

Major principles in medical ethics, four originally developed by

A

Thomas Beauchamp & James Childress

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19
Q

Four traditional pillars of Medical Ethics

A

Beneficence, Autonomy, Non maleficence & Justice “BANJ”

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20
Q

Are involved in making informed and voluntary decisions

A

Rational agents

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21
Q

Basis for the practice of free and informed consent. Uphold a competent, adult patient’s decision, even if it appears medically wrong.

A

Autonomy

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22
Q

Fundamental concept on which patient’s rights are based

A

Informed consent

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23
Q

Promoting what is best for the patient. Implies consideration of the patient’s status. Can sometime imply not intervening, if the benefit pf therapy would be minimal.

A

Beneficence

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24
Q

Focused by the lens of being in a professional caring relationship

A

Doing good to others

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25
Q

The practice of beneficence is challenged by the respect for

A

Autonomy

26
Q

Is a personal decision, and the good that a patient may determine can often differ from that of his/her physician or caregiver.

A

Determining good

27
Q

In most cases of treating sick patients this add little to the beneficence principle. Reminds us to ponder the possibility of doing the harm, especially when you cannot cure.

A

Non maleficence

28
Q

Latin term for non maleficence

A

Primum non nocere

29
Q

Is a constant duty one ought never to harm another individual.

A

Nonmaleficence

30
Q

Is a limited duty

A

Beneficence

31
Q

A form of fairness. Implies the fair distribution of goods in society and requires that we look at the role of entitlement.

A

Justice

32
Q

In Justice, resources are limited & you cannot cure everybody and so priorities must be set, ________.

A

Triage

33
Q

Reflect a general concensus about the way physicians should act and they should be followed unless there are good reasons for acting otherwise.

A

Medical code of Ethics & Policy statements

34
Q

Can agree on some fundamental ethical principles, fundamental human rights.

A

Human beings

35
Q

Non rational

A

Obedience, Habits, Imitation, Feeling or desire & Intuition “OHIFI”

36
Q

Rational

A

Deontology, Consequentialism, Virtue ethics & Principles “DCVP”

37
Q

Does not mean irrational but simply that is to be distinguished from the systematic, reflective use of reason in decision-making.

A

Non rational

38
Q

A common way of deciding especially by children and those who work within authoritarian structures. Following the rules or instructions of those in authority whether you agree with them or not.

A

Obedience

39
Q

Subordinates one’s judgement about right and wrong to that of another person, in this case, a role model. Following the example of the role model.

A

Imitation

40
Q

What is right is what feels right or satisfies one’s desire. What is wrong is what feels wrong or frustrates one’s desire.

A

Feeling or Desire

41
Q

Measure of morality is to be found within each

A

Individual

42
Q

Immediate perception of the right way to act in a situation; similar to desire (entirely subjective) differs because of its location in the mind rather than the will. Neither systematic nor reflexive but directs moral decisions through a simple flash of insight.

A

Intuition

43
Q

Very efficient method of moral decision-making since there is no need to repeat a systematic decision-making process each time a moral issue arises to one that has been dealt previously.

A

Habit

44
Q

Following an authority. Just follow!

A

Obedience

45
Q

Role model. Observation & assimilation of values.

A

Imitation

46
Q

Following what you felt is right. Personal taste, own value and will.

A

Feeling/Desire

47
Q

Immediate perception of the right way to act in a situation. Directs moral decision through a simple flash of insights.

A

Intuition

48
Q

Previous cases. Bad or Good.

A

Habit

49
Q

Duty, obligation or rule based ethics because rules bind to you to your duty. Normative position that judges the morality of an action based on the action’s adherence to a rule. Well founded rules as the basis for making moral decision, duties & obligations and how best they mey be met.

A

Deontology

50
Q

Ethical decision making on an analysis of the likely consequences or outcomes of different choices and actions. Right action is the one that produces the best outcomes.

A

Consequentialism

51
Q

One of the best known forms of consequentialism, uses utility as its measure and defines this as the greatest good for the greatest number.

A

Utilititarianism

52
Q

Uses ethical principles as the basis for making moral decisions. Applies principles to particular cases or situations in order to determine what is the right thing to do, taking into account both rules & consequences.

A

Principilism

53
Q

Identified as the most important for ethical decision-making in medical practice

A

Respect for BANJ

54
Q

Focuses less on decision making and more on the character of decision makers as reflected in their behavior.

A

Virtue ethics

55
Q

A virtue is a type of

A

Moral excellence

56
Q

One virtue that is especially important for physicians

A

Compassion

57
Q

Other virtues

A

Prudence, Honesty & Dedication “PHD”

58
Q

The most fundamental claim of virtue ethics is that reference to _______ & _______ are essential in the justification of right action.

A

Character & Virtue

59
Q

An action is right if and only if it is what an agent with a _______ would do in the circumstance.

A

Virtuous character

60
Q

The best outcome

A

Consequentialism

61
Q

BANJ

A

Principilism

62
Q

What the saints would have done

A

Virtue ethics

BIOETHICS (4 decks)

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