M1: Fundamentals of Bioethics & Morality

Question 0

Understanding of the nature of conflicts arising from moral imperatives. Best way we may deal with them. Deals with conflicts in potential outcome (consequences of actions) or with duties. Considers how we should act best in light of our duties and obligations as moral agents.

Answer 0

Ethics

Question 1

Central to modern medical ethics is a respect for patient _________ and the fundamental principle of _________.

Answer 1

Autonomy. Informed consent.

Question 2

Ethics deal with _______.

Answer 2

Choices

Question 3

Physicians should know and exemplify the core values of medicine

Answer 3

Compassion, Autonomy & Competence “CAC”

Question 4

Serve as the foundation of medical ethics

Answer 4

Respect for fundamental human rights & CAC

Question 5

Capacity to make practical judgement in matters involving ethical issues. Judges a concrete act as good or evil.

Answer 5

Conscience

Question 6

Making personal moral decisions is guided by the objective standards of

Answer 6

Moral conduct

Question 7

The failure either to inform the conscience or follow the conscience after informing it

Answer 7

Sin

Question 8

The act itself. Primary & essential element. It is what the act itself pursues. May be good, bad or indifferent.

Answer 8

Object

Question 9

Principal goal or objective. Without it, the act will never be performed.

Answer 9

End or Intention

Question 10

Accidental aspects of the objects or the intention. May affect the goodness of malice of an act.

Answer 10

Circumstances

Question 11

Primary and essential element of the morality of an act.

Answer 11

Object

Question 12

When the object is __________, morality of an act is determined by intention and/or by circumstance.

Answer 12

Morally indifferent

Question 13

Can make an act whose object is indifferent good or evil

Answer 13

Principal end or intention

Question 14

Cannot convert a good act into something bad, or vice versa, can decrease or increase the goodness or malice.

Answer 14

Circumstances

Question 15

What does this patient want?

Answer 15

Autonomy

Question 16

What can be done for them?

Answer 16

Beneficence

Question 17

Is the request fair?

Answer 17

Justice

Question 18

Major principles in medical ethics, four originally developed by

Answer 18

Thomas Beauchamp & James Childress

Question 19

Four traditional pillars of Medical Ethics

Answer 19

Beneficence, Autonomy, Non maleficence & Justice “BANJ”

Question 20

Are involved in making informed and voluntary decisions

Answer 20

Rational agents

Question 21

Basis for the practice of free and informed consent. Uphold a competent, adult patient’s decision, even if it appears medically wrong.

Answer 21

Autonomy

Question 22

Fundamental concept on which patient’s rights are based

Answer 22

Informed consent

Question 23

Promoting what is best for the patient. Implies consideration of the patient’s status. Can sometime imply not intervening, if the benefit pf therapy would be minimal.

Answer 23

Beneficence

Question 24

Focused by the lens of being in a professional caring relationship

Answer 24

Doing good to others

Question 25

The practice of beneficence is challenged by the respect for

Answer 25

Autonomy

Question 26

Is a personal decision, and the good that a patient may determine can often differ from that of his/her physician or caregiver.

Answer 26

Determining good

Question 27

In most cases of treating sick patients this add little to the beneficence principle. Reminds us to ponder the possibility of doing the harm, especially when you cannot cure.

Answer 27

Non maleficence

Question 28

Latin term for non maleficence

Answer 28

Primum non nocere

Question 29

Is a constant duty one ought never to harm another individual.

Answer 29

Nonmaleficence

Question 30

Is a limited duty

Answer 30

Beneficence

Question 31

A form of fairness. Implies the fair distribution of goods in society and requires that we look at the role of entitlement.

Answer 31

Justice

Question 32

In Justice, resources are limited & you cannot cure everybody and so priorities must be set, ________.

Answer 32

Triage

Question 33

Reflect a general concensus about the way physicians should act and they should be followed unless there are good reasons for acting otherwise.

Answer 33

Medical code of Ethics & Policy statements

Question 34

Can agree on some fundamental ethical principles, fundamental human rights.

Answer 34

Human beings

Question 35

Non rational

Answer 35

Obedience, Habits, Imitation, Feeling or desire & Intuition "OHIFI"

Question 36

Rational

Answer 36

Deontology, Consequentialism, Virtue ethics & Principles "DCVP"

Question 37

Does not mean irrational but simply that is to be distinguished from the systematic, reflective use of reason in decision-making.

Answer 37

Non rational

Question 38

A common way of deciding especially by children and those who work within authoritarian structures. Following the rules or instructions of those in authority whether you agree with them or not.

Answer 38

Obedience

Question 39

Subordinates one's judgement about right and wrong to that of another person, in this case, a role model. Following the example of the role model.

Answer 39

Imitation

Question 40

What is right is what feels right or satisfies one's desire. What is wrong is what feels wrong or frustrates one's desire.

Answer 40

Feeling or Desire

Question 41

Measure of morality is to be found within each

Answer 41

Individual

Question 42

Immediate perception of the right way to act in a situation; similar to desire (entirely subjective) differs because of its location in the mind rather than the will. Neither systematic nor reflexive but directs moral decisions through a simple flash of insight.

Answer 42

Intuition

Question 43

Very efficient method of moral decision-making since there is no need to repeat a systematic decision-making process each time a moral issue arises to one that has been dealt previously.

Answer 43

Habit

Question 44

Following an authority. Just follow!

Answer 44

Obedience

Question 45

Role model. Observation & assimilation of values.

Answer 45

Imitation

Question 46

Following what you felt is right. Personal taste, own value and will.

Answer 46

Feeling/Desire

Question 47

Immediate perception of the right way to act in a situation. Directs moral decision through a simple flash of insights.

Answer 47

Intuition

Question 48

Previous cases. Bad or Good.

Answer 48

Habit

Question 49

Duty, obligation or rule based ethics because rules bind to you to your duty. Normative position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule. Well founded rules as the basis for making moral decision, duties & obligations and how best they mey be met.

Answer 49

Deontology

Question 50

Ethical decision making on an analysis of the likely consequences or outcomes of different choices and actions. Right action is the one that produces the best outcomes.

Answer 50

Consequentialism

Question 51

One of the best known forms of consequentialism, uses utility as its measure and defines this as the greatest good for the greatest number.

Answer 51

Utilititarianism

Question 52

Uses ethical principles as the basis for making moral decisions. Applies principles to particular cases or situations in order to determine what is the right thing to do, taking into account both rules & consequences.

Answer 52

Principilism

Question 53

Identified as the most important for ethical decision-making in medical practice

Answer 53

Respect for BANJ

Question 54

Focuses less on decision making and more on the character of decision makers as reflected in their behavior.

Answer 54

Virtue ethics

Question 55

A virtue is a type of

Answer 55

Moral excellence

Question 56

One virtue that is especially important for physicians

Answer 56

Compassion

Question 57

Other virtues

Answer 57

Prudence, Honesty & Dedication "PHD"

Question 58

The most fundamental claim of virtue ethics is that reference to _______ & _______ are essential in the justification of right action.

Answer 58

Character & Virtue

Question 59

An action is right if and only if it is what an agent with a _______ would do in the circumstance.

Answer 59

Virtuous character

Question 60

The best outcome

Answer 60

Consequentialism

Question 61

BANJ

Answer 61

Principilism

Question 62

What the saints would have done

Answer 62

Virtue ethics