M1: Epidemics Flashcards
Constant presence of an agent or health condition within a given geographic area or population. Usual prevalence of an agent or condition.
Endemic
Occurrence of more cases of disease, injury or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a particular period. Usually the cases are presumed to have a common cause or to be related to one another in some way.
Epidemic
An epidemic occurring over a widespread area (multiple countries or continents)
Pandemic
Pattern of spread, magnitude, outliers, time trend & exposure and/or disease incubation period.
Epidemic curve
Time from infection to clinical manifestation
Incubation period
Time from exposure to infection to the shortest time when there is infected
Minimum incubation period
Time of exposure to the last disease clinical manifestation
Maximum incubation period
Time from exposure to infection to the time when the infected showed most of the manifestation
Average incubation period
Exposure continues over a longer period. Many people exposed simultaneously. No case following termination of exposure.
Continuing source outbreak (contaminated water supply)
Irregular peaks reflecting the timing and extent of exposure. Common source that is not well-controlled
Intermittent
Example of Intermittent diseases
Seasonal & Industrial contaminants
Single brief exposure that did not persist over time, all cases have single incubated period. No person to person spread.
Point source
Person to person spread. Series of progressively taller peaks, each an incubation period apart. Multiple waves of infection with secondary and tertiary cases.
Propagated spread
Illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, from animal to man, from animal to animal, or from the environment to(through air, water or food) man.
Communicable disease
Epidemiologic triangle
Host-Agent-Environment
Person or other living organism that is susceptible to or harbors an infectious agent under natural conditions
Host
A factor can be a MO or chemical substance or form of energy whise presence, excessive presence or in the case of deficiency diseases, relative absence in essential for the occurrence of a disease.
Agent
An extrinsic factor that affects an agent and the opportunity for exposure.
Environment
Determine the interaction between the host, agent and environment
Time
Chain of infection
Causative agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal entry & susceptible host
Ability to cause infection (proportion of persons exposed to an infectious agent who become infected)
Infectivity
Ability to cause disease (proportion of persons infected by an agent who the experience clinical disease)
Pathogenicity
Ability to cause severe disease (proportion of persons with the disease who become severely ill or die)
Virulence
Habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies
Reservoir
Immediate transfer of an agent from a reservoir to a host by direct contact or drop spread (<1m) person to person contact, contact with soil and plans
Direct
Airborne. Vector borne(mechanical or biological) live carrier examples are live carrier. Vehicle borne.
Indirect
Examples of vehicle borne
Inanimate objects. Food water & fomites.
Examples of vector borne
Mosquitoes, fleas & ticks
Universal Precaution
Hand hygiene & Personal protective equipment
Uses an agent on living tissue
Disinfection
Uses an agent on non living tissue
Sterilization
Epidemic & Outbreak are the same and interchangeable. T/F?
True
New cases
Incidence
Old and new cases
Prevalence
Gives a graphical display of the numbers of incident cases in an outbreak or epidemic, plotted over time.
Epidemic Curve
Things that can be identified in Epidemic curve
Pattern of spread, Magnitude, Outliers, Time trend & Exposure and/or disease incubation period “PMOTE”
Single, brief exposure that did not persist over time. All cases have single incubation period. No person to person spread.
Point source outbreak
Exposure continues over a long period. Many people exposed simultaneously. No case following termination of exposure.
Continuing source outbreak
Seasonal or weather-related. Industrial contaminant emitted at interval. Irregular peaks reflecting the timing and extent of exposure. Common source that is not well controlled.
Intermittent outbreaks
Person to person spread. Series of progressively taller peaks, each an incubation period apart. Multiple waves of infection with secondary and tertiary cases.
Propagated spread
Illness due to a specific infectious (biological) agent or its toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, animal to man & vice versa and environment.
Communicable Disease
A factor or form of energy whose presence, excessive presence, or in the case of deficiency diseases, relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease or other adverse health.
Agent
Person or other living organism that is susceptible to or harbors an infectious agent under natural conditions.
Host
An extrinsic factor (e.g. geology, climate, insects, sanitation or health services) that affects an agent and the opportunity for exposure.
Environment
Causative agent
Pathogen
Anything (a person, animal, plant or substance) in which an infectious agent normally lives or multiplies.
Reservoir
A way for the causative agent to be released from the reservoir.
Portal of Exit
Way that the causative agent can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live
Mode of transmission
Refers to the method by which the pathogen enters the body
Portal of Entry
One whose biologic defense mechanisms are weakened in some way
Susceptible Host
Short distance & bigger particle
Droplet spread
Travels for longer distance and small particle
Airborne
Ability to cause infection (proportion of persons exposed to an infectious agent who become infected)
Infectivity
Ability to cause disease (proportion of persons infected by an agent who the experience clinical disease)
Pathogenicity
Ability to cause severe disease (proportion of persons with the disease who become severely ill or die)
Virulence
Habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies
Reservoir
Immediate transfer of an agent from a reservoir to a host by direct contact or droplet spread (<1m) Person to person contact. Contact with soil & plants.
Direct
Can be airborne, vehicle borne or vector borne
Indirect
Live carrier like mosquitoes
Vector borne
Example is a fomite
Vehicle-borne
The parasite passes through a stage of its life cycle in the host’s body. E.g. Malaria
Biological transmission
The vector simply carries the parasite in or on its body from one host to another; virus & bacteria are transmitted this way.
Mechanical transmission
Universal Precaution: ______ hygiene.
Hand
Universal Precaution: Personal ________ equipment.
Protective
Universal Precaution: Handle & dispose of _______ safely.
Sharps
Universal Precaution: Dispose of __________ safely.
Contaminated waste
Universal Precaution: Managing ________ & ________. Spillages and collection and transport of specimens.
Blood & Body fluids
Universal Precaution: __________ equipment including cleaning, disinfection & sterilization.
Decontaminating
Universal Precaution: Maintaining a _______ clinical environment.
Clean
Universal Precaution: Prevention of __________ exposure to infection and managing sharp injuries and blood splash incidence.
Occupational
Universal Precaution: Manage _______ safely.
Linen
Universal Precaution: Place patients with infections in appropriate ________.
Accomodation
Is used to protect a patient whose resistance to infection is severely lowered by a disease or treatment such as chemotherapy.
Reverse isolation
Risk Factors of NCD
Harmful use of alcohol, Insufficient physical activity, Tobacco & Unhealthy diet “HITU”
