M1: Disease Control & Prevention Flashcards
Strategies of Prevention
Techniques of Disease Prevention & Control, Population approach and Risk Approach “TPR”
Levels of Prevention
Primary, Secondary & Tertiary
Before the person gets the disease. Prevent the onset of specific diseases via risk reduction.
Primary Prevention
Primary Prevention: ________ behaviours or exposure.
Altering
Primary Prevention: Enhancing the _________ to the effects of the exposure.
Resistance
Primary Prevention: Foster _____________ that reduce the risk of disease.
Safe
Primary Prevention: Efforts can be fitted into the agent-host environment ___________.
Model of causation
After the disease has occurred, but before the person notices that anything is wrong. Procedures that detect and treat pre-clinical pathological changes. Control disease progression.
Secondary Prevention
Primary Prevention: Already has symptoms of the disease. Soften the impact of illness on the patient.
Tertiary Prevention
Goals of Tertiary Prevention: prevent _______ and ______ from the disease.
Damage. Pain.
Goals of Tertiary Prevention: ________ the disease.
Slowdown
Goals of Tertiary Prevention: Prevent the disease from causing other
Problem/complications
Goals of Tertiary Prevention: Give better ______ to people with the disease make people with the disease healthy again and able to do what they used to do.
Care
Key goal of Tertiary Prevention
Enhance quality of life
Three important elements for Tertiary Prevention
Function, Longevity & Quality of life
Focus is on reduction of population prevalence
Reversible conditions
Increase prevalence if it prolongs survival
Incurable conditions
Focus is on rehabilitation or assisting the patient to accommodate to his disability
Irreversible conditions
Smoking cessation & vaccination
Primary Prevention
Cardiac rehabilitation after MI seeking to alter behaviours to reduce the likelihood of a re-infarction
Tertiary prevention
Mammography to detect early stage breast cancer
Secondary prevention
Routine blood sugar testing for people over 40
Secondary prevention
Primary Prevention Type of Participation: regular toothbrushing
Active participation
Primary Prevention Type of Participation: adding fluoride to the municipal drinking water to harden tooth enamel and prevent carries
Passive participation
Primary Prevention Type of Participation: Flossing to prevent dental carries
Passive participation
Advantages are individualized, people at higher risk change their behavior to reduce their risk (as predicted by the ___________) Physicians feel justified in reducing risk factors in high risk patients. Cost effective. Favorable benefit to risk ration. High risk individual > benefit. Lower risk
Prevention Risk Approach
Disadvantages of Prevention Risk A: Difficulties & Cost of Identifying __________ individuals.
High Risk
Disadvantages of Prevention Risk A: Reaches those most ______ but little impact on the ________ burden in society.
At risk. Disease.
Disadvantages of Prevention Risk A: Most cases of disease occur in people at
Low or moderate risk
Disadvantages of Prevention Risk A: Palliative and ________.
Temporary
Disadvantages of Prevention Risk A: ________ are not addressed.
Determinants
Disadvantages of Prevention Risk A: _______ inappropriate. (Outside of norms)
Behaviourally
Advantages are aimed at roots of problem. Reduces illness in the whole population regardless of risk. Tackles condition in its early stages (primary) A small change in the level of a risk factor in a population can improve the health of a large number of people. Behaviorally & socially appropriate.
Prevention Population Approach
Disadvantages of Prevention Population A: __________ to most individuals can be outweighed by the risk of the intervention.
Small benefit
Disadvantages of Prevention Population A: _________(and perhaps morally questionable) it demands change by a large number of people who would not have developed the disease at all.
Inefficient
Disadvantages of Prevention Population A: Little motivation for __________ individuals to change behaviour.
Low risk
Disadvantages of Prevention Population A: Danger of increasing ________ in health.
Inequity
Disadvantages of Prevention Population A: Intervening in apparently healthy people is ethically more _________ than intervening in people with problems.
Sensitive
Techniques of Disease Prevention & Control
Adjustment to permanency of outcomes, Risk identification & stratification, Mgt of risk/disease, Prevention of complications, Immunization, Timely diagnosis & Screening “ARRMPITS”
