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Biocell > M1 Cellula > Flashcards

M1 Cellula Flashcards

1
Q

O que e que a cellula?

A

a célula é um bloco estrutural que mantém todas as
características fundamentais da vida

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2
Q

Pick which ones are true:
All cells:
a)Do not store their hereditary information as the double helix strand DNA
b)replicate this hereditary information
c) Transcribe parts of their hereditary info to RNA
d) Not all cells use proteins as catalysts
e) All cells translate RNA into protein the same way

A

BCE

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3
Q

Phototropic organisms are

A

Organisms that get food directly from sunlight

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4
Q

Lipotrophic organisms

A

Get energy from inorganic chemicals in environment

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5
Q

O que distingue um ser vida?
as 4-5 caracterisadas

A

Reproducao, homeostatis, organizacao, producao, sinalizacao

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6
Q

5 universal characteristics of cells

A
  • rodeadas por uma membrana plasmatica
    -posses hereditary information that goes from DNA–RNA–Proteins
    -Unique Common chemistry–carbon
    -Proteins guarantee the construction and function
  • Require energy to maintain organism and homeostasis
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7
Q

The hydrophilic part of the cell membrane is made up of

A

Phosphate part of phospholipid

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8
Q

The hydrophobic part of the bilayer is made up of

A

Acidos gordos- fatty acids

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9
Q

4 families of macromolecules that all cells consist:

A

Proteinas, polissacaridos, lipidos, acidos nucleicos

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10
Q

DNA is stored in portions called

A

Genes

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11
Q

What happens in
Duplication

A

The DNA is photocopied into another DNA

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12
Q

What happens in transcription?

A

RNA is made from DNA

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13
Q

What happens in Translation?

A

Protein is made from RNA

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14
Q

Whats the difference between RNA and DNa

A

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded

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15
Q

RNA is made up of ____ while Proteins are made up of ___

A

Nucleotides and Amino acids

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16
Q

A Nucleotide is made up of ___, ___ and ___

A

Sugar(ribose or deoxyribose), Base (nitrogen containing ) and phosphate group

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17
Q

What are the nitrogen containing bases or DNA? and RNA?

A

ACGT ; ACGU

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18
Q

Work that protein does

A

Enzymes, transporters, receptors, regulators, defence

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19
Q

What is the main carrier of free energy in the cell?

A

ATP

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20
Q

5 process that use ATP

A
  • active transport
    -biosynthesis of components of cell
  • establishing 3D conformation of proteins
    -Cellular movements
  • Cell division
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21
Q

component of ATP

A

Phosphate, ribose, adenine

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22
Q

A arvore da vida e organizada em tres ramos

A

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

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23
Q

What are the common ancestor of bacteria?

A

Arqueias e Eucariontes

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24
Q

What are procaryotes ?

A

Bacteria and Archea

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25
Q

a differencia entre o procarioticas e o eucarioticas?

A

Pro- nao tem nucleo
- smaller in length than eu
-no organelles
-has a unique molecule of DNA not associated w proteins
-small ribosomes
-RNA is made in the cytoplasm together with proteins
-doesnt have a chromatid fuse in cell division while eu has
generally unicellular

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26
Q

what characterizes eucariotes?

A

Protists, fungi, plants and animals

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27
Q

Procariotes can have other structures like:

A

Membranas fotossinteticas,
Pili ou fimbriae- to help cells adher to each other
Cilia or flagella- for movement

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28
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Cell wall have outer peptidoglycan layer and inner plasma membrane

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29
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Have outer membrane (with pore forming proteins) , inner peptidoglycan layer and then inner plasma membrane

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30
Q

what color does gram positive retain?

A

Cristal Violeta

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31
Q

A parede cellular de Arqueias :

A

Sem peptidoglicano e algumas arqueias nao tem parede cellular
-maioria termofilicas (thrive in relatively high temperatures

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32
Q

what organelles are throught to have common origin in the cell?

A

Involucro nuclear, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi e Lisossomas

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33
Q

Celula eucariotica ancestral possui:

A

Anaerobic cell from an archaeon + aerobic bacteria= AEROBIC Cell with nucleus and an internal membrane, mitochondria with two membranes

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34
Q

Celula eucariotica vegetal ancestral possui:

A

Early aerobic eucaryotic cell +photosynthetic bacterium= Eucaryotic cell capable of photosynthesis plus chloroplasts

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35
Q

What is the oldest part of the cell?

A

Nucleus

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36
Q

o que e que e o hipotese de endocariose?

A

e que uma bacteria ancestral endocitou uma arqueia that led to the origin of the nucleus

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37
Q

azoto e

A

Nitrogen

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38
Q

seres vivos

A

living beings

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39
Q

low atomic weight in portuguese

A

Baixo peso atomico

40
Q

Os caracteristicos de agua em fase liquida e

A
  • coesão
  • alta tensão superficial
  • alto ponto de ebulição
    (ponto de fusão e
    ebulição distantes)
41
Q

what is the negatively charged part of a water molecule?

A

Oxygen

42
Q

Pontes de hidrogenio pode ser entre os tipos :

A

Two different parts of a macromolecule
Between groups of two macromolecules
And water

43
Q

Substancias hidrofilicas sao

A

substancias que se dissolvem prontamente em agua
-ioes e moleculares polares

44
Q

Qual substancias que nao tem estabelecimento de interacoes entre os dois tipos de moleculas?

A

Substancias hidrofobicas

45
Q

Qual tipo de ligacao que as substancias hidrofobicas teem?

A

Ligacoes apolares

46
Q

Qual elemento e invulgar porque sua capacidade de formar grandes moleculas?

A

Carbono

47
Q

Os C-C ligacoes

A

podem formar ligacoes altamente estaveis

48
Q

o que e que o nome de grupos funcionais baixo
- SH ; -NH2 ; -C=O ; -OH

A

Sulfidrilo; amina; carbonilo; hidroxilo

49
Q

compounds em portugues

A

compostos

50
Q

compounds that are not used in making macromolecules but are essential in metabolism

A

ATP, NAD, CoA (coenzyme A)

51
Q

Qual tipo de ligacoes que relacao 2 monossacarideos ?

A

Ligacao glicosidica

52
Q

Os monossacarideos podem ser em 4 formas

A

-Cadeia linear
-forma intermediaria
- Alpha glucose
- Beta glucose

53
Q

Alpha glucose has it’s orientation:

A

where it has 1 and 4 hydroxyl groups located on the same side

54
Q

Beta glucose has it’s

A

1 and 4 hydroxyl groups located on opposite sides

55
Q

How are alpha and beta esterioisomers formed?

A

The aldehyde or ketone group of the linear form of monossacharide can react with the hydroxyl group of the same molecule to form a ring; this ring can have two different positions alpha and beta

56
Q

What makes up a glycosidic linkage?

A

acarbon with an aldehyde or ketone group react with a hydroxyl group of another monosacharide

57
Q

Name three polysacharides:

A

Amilose, amilopectine, Glycogen

58
Q

what are the polysaccharides reserved in animals called? and plants?

A

Glycogen
Amylopectin and amylose

59
Q

qual tipo de ligacao que unidas de formar cellulose?

A

Beta 1,4

60
Q

what polysacharides have bonds : 1-4 and 1-6

A

Amylopectin and Glycogen

61
Q

what four elements make up macromolecules?

A

C, H, N, O

62
Q

What makes lipids insoluble in water?

A

Because of the presence of many apolar covalent bonds

63
Q

funcoes de lipidos

A
  • Armazenamento de energia em forma de triglicerideos
    -Composicaso das membranas celulares as fosfolipidos
    -Absorcaso da luz as carotenoides
    -Transmissao de sinais as esteroides
64
Q

Triglicerideos liquidos tem qual tipo de acidos gordos?

A

insaturados

65
Q

qual tipo de lipidos formar vitaminas?

A

Terpenoides

66
Q

aminoacidos tem dois tipos de grupos funcionais em mesmo carbono:

A

Amino e carboxilo

67
Q

What component of the protein is responsible for it’s specificity?

A

the side chain group

68
Q

How is peptide bond formed?

A

The carbon in the carboxylic group of an amino acid joins with the nitrogen of the amino group and removes water to form a peptide bond

69
Q

what part of the polypeptide is the beginning and serves as the extremity for nascent chain when protein is synthesized?

A

N-terminal

70
Q

what is an alpha carbon?

A

it is next to a functional group in an organic compound

71
Q

what type fo macromolecule can rotate? and why

A

because of the bonds of the functional groups next to the carbon

72
Q

there are three types of attractions or linkages that make up the 3D conformation of proteins:

A
  • electrostatic attractions between electrpositive and electronegative electrons (ionic bonds)
    -Hydrogen bonds, between hydrogen and oxygen
  • Van der waals attractions (forces between non polar molecules)
73
Q

In 3D The polypeptide is arranged as of:

A

Polar side chains on the exterior to connect with water
Non polar side chains on the inetrior making it hydrophobic

74
Q

Em proteinas, o estrutura secundaria constitui :

A

Helice alfa e folha beta
Hydrogen bond coming from the H atom from the amine group and the O atom from the carboxyl group

75
Q

Estrutura terciaria de Proteinas constitui:

A

Uma cadeia polipeptidica from the interactions between the side chains of the aminoacids

76
Q

Estrutura quaternaria constituida

A

varias cadeias polipeptidicas

77
Q

Acidos nucleicos teem qual tipo de ligacoes?

A

Ligacoes covalentes

78
Q

como e que nos vamos estudar os componentes das celulas?

A

Fracionamento celular
Purificacao
Analise

79
Q

Como e que nos vamos estudar as celulas

A

-Isolamento e cultura de celulas
- Microscopica otica e eletronica
Tecnologia do DNA recombinante
Genomica

80
Q

rotura

A

breakage

81
Q

como e que os tipo de fracionamento celular

A

-Homogeneizacao- para rotura das celulas
-Centrifugacao- para seperacao das fracoes subcelulares

82
Q

O sobrenadante no centrifugacao tem

A

componentes mais pequenos enquanto o sedimento tem componentes maiores

83
Q

No centrifugacao fracionada, qual parte de cell e fracionada?

A

nuclei

84
Q

arrange these in order of highest to lowest limit of resolution
M.otica; M. de super resolucao, M. electronica; olho humano

A

Olho humano– M.otica– M. de super resolucao– M. Eletronica

85
Q

Qual e os dois limitacoes de m. otica? Solucoes?

A

Espessura (em ingles?) e transparencia
Espessura- fazer cortes finos
Transarencia- Coloracoes, marcacoes especificas, especias de microscopia

86
Q

Imunocitoquimica direita utilize

A

um anticorpo ligado a um marcador detetavel por microscopia

87
Q

Imunolocalizacao utilize

A

Anticorpo primario—anticorpio secundario—marcador

88
Q

qual tipo de imunolocalizaco permite amplificacao do sinal de detecao? como?

A

Indireta

89
Q

qual tipo de imunolocalizacao permite maior versatilidade na utilizacao dos anticorpos primarios?

A

Indireta

90
Q

what are the types of markers that can be used for imunolocalization?

A

Ouro coloidal (Gold)
Enzymes
Colourants (Corantes)
Flourochromes

91
Q

what are the examples of enzymatic markers for imunolocalization?

A

Peroxidase
Alkaline phosphatase

92
Q

what does these secondary flourescence colours mean?
Azul; Verde ?

A

Azul: Paredes celulares com calcofluor
Verde :Antibodies or proteins in living cells

93
Q

How does proteina fluorescente verde emit green light

A

when aequorin from the jellyfish is activated (by calcium) it emits blue light which is absorbed by the Green flourescent protein to give green light

94
Q

how does flourescente molecules work?

A

they absorb light in a specific wavelight and emit light in a wavelength that is more longer than the absorbed

95
Q

how is the green flourescent protein used?

A

The GFP fuses with the gene of interest(from the protein of interest)
Then the transformation happens which leads to the synthesis of protein fussed with this colour
then it can be seen

96
Q

What kind of microscope is used to observe proteina flourescente verde?

A

Microscopio de Fluorescencia ou confocal microscope

97
Q
A

Biocell (8 decks)

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