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State V > M1 > Flashcards

M1 Flashcards

1
Q

OIE ( Office International Des Épizooties).

A
  • An intergovernmental organization created by international agreement on 25 January 1924.
  • 182 Members ( 2018)
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2
Q

OIE objectives- main.

A
  • Inform Governments about the occurrence + course of diseases of animals throughout the world + ways of controlling these diseases.
  • Provide coordination at the international level for studies devoted to the surveillance + control of diseases of animals.
  • Examine regulations for trade in animals + products of animal O, with a view to harmonizing such regulations among Member Countries.
  • Give priority to welfare of animals used in agriculture + aquaculture + to identify animal welfare research needs.
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3
Q

OIE objectives- others.

A
  • Ensure transparency in the global animal disease situation.
  • Collect, analyse + disseminate Veterinary scientific information.
  • Encourage international solidarity in the control of animal diseases.
  • Sanitary safety: safeguard world trade by publishing health standards for international trade in animals + animal products.
  • Promotion of veterinary services: improve the legal framework + resources of antional veterinary services.
  • Food safety + animal welfare: to provide a better guarantee of food of animal O. + to promote animal welfare through a science-based approach.
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4
Q

Structure of OIE.

A
  • The OIE is placed under the authority of World Assembly of Delegates ( International Committee) composed of representatives designated by the Governments of Member Countries.
  • The Council ( Administrative Commision) represents the international Committee between the General Sessions.
  • The day- to- day operation of OIE is managed at Headquarters situated in Paris + placed under the responsibility of a Director General elected by the World Assembly of Delegates.
  • The Headquarters implement + coordinate activities such as disease information, technical cooperation, + scientific activities, which the World Assembly of Delegates has decided upon.
  • ( International committee > Administrative committee > Headquarters).
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5
Q

Specialist Commisions. OIE

A
  • Code Commisions: Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commision.
  • Scientific Commision: Scientific Commision for Animal Diseases.
  • Laboratories Commision: Biological Standards Commision.
  • Aquatic Animals Commission: Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission.
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6
Q

OIE Scientific Publications?

A
  • Scientific + Technical Review.
  • Disease information.
  • World Animal Health.
  • Bulletin.
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7
Q

International Relations of OIE.

A
  • Permanent relations with some 45 other international Organisations, including the Food + Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organisation (WHO) +the Inter- American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), with which cooperation agreementshave been signed.
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8
Q

List A.

A

List of transmissible diseases which have the potential for very serious + rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, which are of serious socio- economic/ public health consequence + which are of major importance in the international trade of animals + animal products.

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9
Q

List B.

A

List of transmissible diseases which are considered to be of socio- economic and/ or public health importance within countries + which are significant in the international trade of animals + animal products.

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10
Q

The information transfer.

A
  • Each Member Country undertakes to report the animal disease that it detects on it’s territory.
  • The OIE then disseminates the information to other countries, which can take the necessary preventive action.
  • Information is sent out immediately or periodically depending on the seriousness of the disease; Dissemination is via e-mail, Disease information + the World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID) Interface.
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11
Q

Main aim of OIE.

A
  • To reduce to a min the -ve effects of health barriers on interntional trade.
  • OIE has been chosen by GATT as the reference international organisation for problems of animal health encountered in international trade in animals + animal products.
  • If scientific/ technical questions are raised in connection with an animal health dispute, the WTO panel responsible for settling the dispute will be able to consult the OIE.
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12
Q

World Health Organization ( WHO).

A
  • Founded in 7 April 1948.
  • 194 countries.
  • 34- member Executive Board.
  • 6 regional committees.
  • Secretariat of WHO is staffed by some 8000 health + other experts + support staff.
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13
Q

The role of WHO in public health.

A
  • Providing leadership on matters critical to health + engaging in partnerships where jt action is needed.
  • Shaping the research agenda + stimulating the generation, translation + dissemination of valuable knowledge.
  • Setting norms + standards + promoting + monitoring their implementation.
  • Articulating ethical + evidence- based policy options.
  • Providing technical support, catalysing change, + building sustainable institutional capacity.
  • Monitoring the health situation + assessing health trends.
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14
Q

WHO Divisions.

A
  • Infectious diseases ( including Veterinary Public Health).
  • Non- infectious diseases.
  • Environment protection.
  • Veterinary Public Health section:
    > Zoonoses control.
    > Food Hygiene + control.
    > Comparative medecine.
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15
Q

FAO ( Food + agricultural Organisation) - role.

A
  • Achieving food security for all is at the heart of FAO’s efforts- to make sure people have regular access to enough high- quality food to lead active, healthy lives.
  • Putting information within reach.
  • Sharing policy expertise.
  • Providing a meeting place for nations.
  • Bringing knowledge to the field.
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16
Q

FAO- Structure.

A
  • 194 Member Nations, 1 member organization, the European Union.
  • Governance- Representatives of members meet at the biennial FAO conference; review:
    > global governance policy issues.
    > international frameworks.
    > evaluate work carried out.
    > approve the budget for the next biennium.
  • Conference elects:
    > Council Members ( for 3 yr term).
    > Director- General ( for 4 yr term).
  • Offices- Besides it’s headquarters in Rome, FAO is present in over 130 countries.
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17
Q

Council of Europe- Structure.

A
  • Founded on 5 May 1949 by 10 countries.
  • Based in Strasbourg ( France).
  • 47 member countries.
  • Parliamentary Assembly- deliberative body + the driving force of Council of Europe.
    > Divided to many international treaties, helping to create a Europe- wide system of legislation.
    > It’s members are appointed by the national parliaments of each member state.
  • European Conventions
    > the conventions of Council of Europe are ø statutory acts of Organisation.
    > They owe their legal existence to the consent of those member State that sign + ratify them.
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18
Q

Council of Europe- Objectives.

A
  • To protect human rights, pluralist democracy + the rule of law.
  • To promote awareness + encourage the development of Europe’s cultural identity + diversity ( animal welfare).
  • To find common solutions to the challenges facing European society.
  • To consolidate democratic stability in Europe by backing political, legislative + constitutional reform.
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19
Q

World Trade Organization (WTO).

A
  • The only international body dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
  • WTO agreements- documents provide the legal ground rules for international commerce; they are essentially contracts, binding governments to keep their trade policies within agreed limits.
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20
Q

WTO objectives.

A
  • Administering WTO trade agreements.
  • Forum for trade negotiations.
  • Handling trade disputes.
  • Monitoring national trade policies.
  • Technical assistance + training for developing countries.
  • Cooperation with other international organizations.
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21
Q

WTO structure.

A
  • WTO is run by it’s member governments.
  • All major decisions are made by the membership as a whole, either by ministers ( who meet every 2 years) or by officials ( who meet regularly in Geneva).
  • Decisions are normally taken by consensus; the highest authority is the ministerial conference which meets at least every 2 years.
  • More routine work is supervised by the General Council ( in 4 guises).
  • Numerous other councils, committees, working parties + negotiating grps cover the wide range of WTO issues.
22
Q

GATT- General Agreement on Tariffs + Trade.

A
  • Was an international agreement, a document setting out the rules for conducting international trade, + an international organization created later to support the agreement.
  • ø longer exists; it has now been replaced by the World Trade Organization.
23
Q

The principles of trading system. GATT

A
  • Without discrimination: a country should ø discriminate between it’s trading partners; + it should ø discriminate between it’s own + foreign products, services/ nationals.
  • Freer: with barriers coming down through negotiation.
  • Predictable: trade barriers ( including tariffs, non- tariff barriers + other measures) should ø be raised arbitrarily; more and more tariff rates + market- opening commitments are “ bound” in the WTO.
  • More competitive: by discouraging “ unfair” practices such as export subsidies + dumping products at below cost to gain market share.
  • More beneficial for less developed countries: by giving them more time to adjust, greater flexibility, + special privileges.
24
Q

Aim of the GATT Agreements ( “ SPS Agreement”). Main aim of OIE.

A
  • 1 January 1995.
  • aim is to reduce to a min the -ve effects of health barriers on international trade, while ensuring the protection of human + animal life + health.
  • OIE has been chosen by GATT as the reference internationaorganization ( responsible for the standards, guidelines + recommendations).
25
Q

SPS agreement.

A
  • Subsequently specifies that the expression “ standards, guidelines + recommendations… for animal health + zoonoses” refers to the “ standards, guidelines + recommendations developed under the auspices of OIE”
26
Q

OECD- Organization for Economic Cooperation + Development.

A
  • International organization of 36 industralized, market- economy countries; they meet to exchange information + harmonize theirs policies in a wide range of areas.
  • OECD Secretariat ( 2000 staff- members, Paris) gathers practical + policy information + prepares forecasts + analyses.
  • The mission is to promote policies that will improve the economic + social well- being of people around the world.
  • Main aims: achieving max possible economic growth; liberalization of world trade.
  • It works with government to understand what drives economic, social + environmental change.
  • They measure productivity + global flows of trade + investment.
  • They analyze + compare data to predict future trends.
  • They set international standards on all sort of things, from the safety of chemicals + nuclear power plants to the quality of cucumbers.
27
Q

EU regulations.

A

Are directly applied without the need for national measures to implement them.

28
Q

EU directives.

A

Bind Member States as to the objectives to be achieved while leaving the national authorities the power to choose the form + the means to be used.

29
Q

EU decisions.

A

Are binding in all their aspects upon those to whom they are addressed; a decision may be addressed to any/ all Member States, to undertakings/ to individuals.

30
Q

EU recommendations + opinions.

A

Are ø binding.

31
Q

Powers of the European Parliament.

A 
- Legislative power.
> Consultation procedure.
> Cooperation procedure.
> Co- decision ( ordinary) procedure.
> Parliament's assent.
- Power over the budget.
- Supervison of the executive.
32
Q

Council Of Ministers.

A
  • 1 minister from each EU country.
  • Presidency: rotates every 6 mnths.
  • Decides EU laws + budget together with Parliament.
  • Manages the common foreign + security policy.
33
Q

Summit at the European Council.

A
  • Summit of heads of state + government of all EU countries.
  • Held at least x4/yr.
  • Sets the overall guidelines for EU policies.
34
Q

The European Commision- promoting the common interest.

A
  • 28 independent members, 1 from each EU country.
  • Proposes new legislation.
  • Executive organ.
  • Guardian of the treaties.
  • Represents the EU on the international stage.
35
Q

The Court of Justice- upholding the law.

A
  • 28 independent judges, 1 from each EU country.
  • Rules on how to interpret EU law.
  • Ensures EU countries apply EU laws in the same way.
36
Q

The single market- freedom of choice.

A
  • Led to:
    > Significant reductions in price of many products + services, including airfares + phones calls.
    > more choice for costumers.
  • 2.8 million new jobs.
37
Q

Functions of the National Central Veterinary Office- Chief Veterinary Officer.

A
  • Preparation of veterinary legislation + transposition of EU directives into national law.
  • Supervision + coordination of the activities of the veterinary services at regional + district levels.
  • decision- making in emergency situations
  • coordination + cooperation with the network of diagnostic lab, according to contingency plans,
  • negotiations with 3rd countries + national representative to various international organizations, e.g OIE, FAO + WHO.
38
Q

Duties of the Regional Veterinary office- Regional Veterinary Officer.

A
  • Animal health.
  • Veterinary public health.
  • Animal welfare.
39
Q

List of duties ( responsibilities) of the Veterinary service in the field of Veterinary public health.

A
  • Enforce Veterinary surveillance + checks on products, + notification of consumer health hazards including zoonoses in district.
  • Organise instant measures when consumer health hazards are suspected + confirmed, + to control, prevent + eliminate consumer health hazards according to emergency plans.
  • Supervise + coordinate the veterinary meat inspection services at slaughterhouses + meat product plants in the district, + to supervise veterinary surgeons who are appointed to carry out supervision of food + inspection of meat in the area.
  • Supervise the official Veterinarians issuing hygiene certificates in accordance with EU criteria.
  • Supervise + check movement of products of animal + fish O in order to verify the identity + O.
  • Supervise the use of certain Veterinary medicinal products for treatment of diseases/ for growth promotion purposes in livestock holdings within the area, + to organise the sampling of animals + food submitted to analytical checks.
40
Q

6 e.g of common EU veterinary legislations.

A
  • The single market.
  • Import from 3rd countries.
  • Animal health certificates.
  • Reporting + recording of animal diseases.
  • Preventative + control measures for contagious animal diseases.
  • National eradication plans.
  • Animal welfare.
  • Reference laboratories.
  • Animal breeding, zoo- sanitary rules.
  • The veterinary committees of the EU.
41
Q

Regulation on transmissible animal diseases ( Animal Health Law)

A
  • Additional guarantees.
  • Animal Health Visits.
  • Ab + antimicrobial resistance.
  • Disease listing, prioritisation + categorisation.
  • Environment.
  • Animal identification, registration + traceability of animals.
  • Movements of animals + animal products within the Union.
42
Q

International cooperation.

A
  • SPS Agreement.
  • Members of OIE.
  • Food + Agriculture Organisation.
  • WHO.
  • Council of Europe.
43
Q

Receptive animal.

A

Any animal of a susceptible sp which is ø vaccinated/ which is vaccinated but whose immunization cover is considered to be inadequate by the competent authority.

44
Q

Infected animal.

A
  • Any animal of a susceptible sp:
    > in which clinical symptoms / PM lesions which may arise from the disease have been ascertained.
    > in which the presence of the disease has been officially ascertained ( verified) following a lab examination.
45
Q

Animal suspected of being infected.

A

Any animal of a susceptible sp showing clinical symptoms/ PM lesions which are such that the presence of the disease may reasonably be suspected.

46
Q

Animal suspected of being contaminated.

A
  • Any animal of a susceptible sp which may
    > according to the epizoological information collected.
    > have been directly/ indirectly exposed to causative agent.
47
Q

Incubation period.

A

The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to agent of disease + the onset of clinical symptoms.

48
Q

Infective period.

A

The longest period during which an affected animal can be a source of infection.

49
Q

Case.

A

The official confirmation of any of the disease which is subject of the notification in any animal/ carcass.

50
Q

Outbreak.

A

Means the holding/ place situated in the territory of the Community where animals are assembled + where 1/ more cases has/ have been officially confirmed.

51
Q

Official veterinarian.

A

The veterinarian appointed by the competent authority.

State V (8 decks)

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