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Microbiology > M1&2 > Flashcards

M1&2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List characteristics of Prokaryotes

A
  • Small and primitive
  • All bacteria
  • No membrane bound organelles but has ribosomes
  • No nucleus, but has nucleoid
  • Cell wall with peptidoglycan
  • One circular chromosome
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2
Q

List characteristics of Eukaryotes

A
  • Large and complex
  • All other organisms
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Nucleus and nuclear membrane
  • No cell wall, but has cell membrane
  • Many chromosomes, not circular
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3
Q

How is bacteria classified?

A
  • Structure and shape: Cell wall, Antigens, Morphology
  • Metabolic processes: Aerobic / anaerobic / facultative, Fermentation of sugars
  • Other biochemical reactions / production of specific enzymes or toxins
  • DNA sequence
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4
Q

Is a baterium a prokaryote or eukaryote?

A

prokaryote

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5
Q

Is a fungus a prokaryote or eukaryote?

A

eukaryote

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6
Q

How is a fungus classified?

A

It has its own kingdom

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7
Q

What are the 3 different types of fungi?

A

yeasts, mould, dimorphic (yeast/mould depending on temperature)

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8
Q

What is distinctive of fungi?

A
  • distinct cell membrane: ergosterol

- distinct cell wall

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9
Q

What is the difference between yeasts and moulds in terms of how long they take to grow?

A
  • Yeasts: 2-3 days

- Moulds: days-weeks

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10
Q

What is the difference between yeasts and moulds in terms of temperature?

A
  • Yeasts: grow best at 35°C

- Moulds: variable temperatures (often 25°C)

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11
Q

What is the difference between yeasts and moulds in terms of colonies?

A
  • Yeasts: colonies look like bacteria

- Moulds: “fluffy colonies”

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12
Q

What are examples of yeasts?

A

Candida spp, Cryptococcus

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13
Q

What are examples of moulds?

A

Aspergillus, Penicillium

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14
Q

Define parasite

A

An organism that lives on or in a host and gets its food from or at the expense of its host, not a specific class of organism.

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15
Q

List characteristics of protozoa

A

Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Multiple classes

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16
Q

What are examples of protozoa?

A

Malaria, Trichomonas, Giardia, amoebae

17
Q

Name characteristics of metazoa

A
  • Trematodes, nematodes, cestodes etc.
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Multiple classes
18
Q

What are examples of metazoa?

A

Hookworm, whipworm, bilharzia

19
Q

Name important facts about bacteria nomenclature

A
  • Genus and species usually tells you something about the organism, the disease it causes or the person who discovered it.
  • Often derived from Latin or Greek
  • Either underlined or written in italics.
  • Only the first letter of the genus is written in uppercase, and you may use this first letter as an abbreviation (eg. E. coli).
20
Q

In the example: Entamoeba coli, which one is the genus name and which one is the species name?

A
  • Entamoeba: genus name

- coli: species name

21
Q

What are the 4 groups of bacteria?

A
  • Mycobacteria
  • Gram positive
  • Gram negative
  • Atypical bacteria
22
Q

What is the structure of Gram positive bacteria?

A
  • Stain purple
  • Thick peptidoglycan layer with no outer membrane
  • Cross-linking between peptidoglycan molecules: some antibiotics target cross-link sites
23
Q

What is the structure of Gram negative bacteria?

A
  • Stains pink
  • Thin peptidoglycan layer with outer membrane
  • Contains lipopolysaccharides: endotoxins in endotoxic shock
  • Periplasmic space contains β-lactamase enzymes
24
Q

Describe the structure of mycobacteria

A

Rod- shaped organisms with complex cell wall, acid-fast stain

25
Q

What are the different types of atypical (no/incomplete cell wall) bacteria?

A

Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Spirochaetes, Mycoplasma

26
Q

What is the structure of Rickettsia and chlamydia?

A

Intracellular organisms, Cell wall thin, Don’t stain with Gram stain due to size and location

27
Q

What is the structure of Spirochaetes?

A

Very thin organisms, and don’t stain with Gram stain

28
Q

What is the structure of mycoplasma?

A

No cell wall, so don’t stain with Gram stain

Microbiology (6 decks)

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