M1 Flashcards
Levels of communication accdng to number of participants
Intrapersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication
Mediated/Media-Assisted Communication
Public Communication
Mass Communication
The communication that takes place within a person; an internal conversation with oneself
Intrapersonal Communication
The communication that occurs between two (dyad) or more persons (small group) interacting with each other to convey information
Interpersonal Communication
A type of interpersonal communication that uses the aid of mechanical (machines) and technological (electronics and computers) devices and the internet
Mediated or Machine-Assisted Communication
Involves an individual delivering a speech or a message in front of an audience; public speaking
Public Communication
Involves two or more persons or an institution using mechanical and technological devices to produce and transmit messages to a large number of mixed audiences
Mass Communication
Types of Models of Communication
Linear/Transmission model of communication
Interactive/Interaction model of communication
Transaction model of communication
Describes communication as a linear, one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver. It focuses on the sender and message within a communication encounter
Linear/Transmission model of communication
Describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts.
It is more concerned with the communication process itself and takes physical and psychological context into account.
Interactive/Interaction model of communication
Describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts. It considers how social, relational, and cultural contexts frame and influence our communication encounters.
Transaction model of communication
Understanding and using mass media in either an assertive or non-assertive way, including an informed and critical understanding of media, the techniques they employ and their effects
Media Literacy
The ability to read, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a variety of media forms (e.g. television, print, radio, computers etc.)
Media Literacy
The ability to decode, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a variety of forms.
Media Literacy
The ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use and communicate information in its various formats
Information Literacy
Ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to locate, evaluate, use and create information
The ability to understand and use information in multiple formats from a wide range of sources when presented via computers, or to a person’s ability to perform tasks effectively in a digital environment
The ability to read and interpret media, reproduce data and images through digital manipulation, and evaluate and apply new knowledge gained from digital environments
Digital (Technology) Literacy
A fusion of the various information and media sources and incorporated with the concept of literacy.
Indicative of the converging traditional and non-traditional media. With the acknowledgement of the need of library, news, television literacy, the traditional conventions of these media are now transforming into new forms.
Media Information Literacy
People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron.
Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s)
People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing press).
Industrial Age
The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long distance communication became more efficient.
Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)
The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We live in this age.
Information Age
Media experience is limited
One-directional
Sense receptors used are very specific (print media as sense of sight, radios as sense of hearing, TV and film as both)
Traditional Media
Media experience is more interactive.
Audiences are more involved and can send feedback simultaneously
Integrates all the aspects of old media
New Media
Technology is the predominant agent of social and cultural change. But it is not technology that drives culture; it is how people use technology.
The idea that machines and their development drive economic and cultural change
Technological Determinism
Society is conceived of as the major factor determining the technological agenda and conditioning the diffusion of the technologies it produces.
It tends to be less judgmental as to technology’s effects, seeing them rather as consequences of other social factors
Cultural Determinism
An idea that explains how media should ideally operate in a given system of social values
The relationship between Press and the Government; the ownership of the media and who controls the press or media in the country
Normative Theories of the Press
Three Normative Theories of the Press
Libertarianism
Social Responsibility Theory
Authoritarianism and Communism
The philosophy of the press asserting the good and rational people can tell right from wrong if presented with full and free access to information; therefore, censorship is unnecessary.
It is free from any authority, control, or censorship.
Libertarianism
Asserts that the media must remain free from government control but, in exchange, the media must serve the public.
It also allows community opinion, consumer action, and professional ethics.
Social Responsibility Theory
Both call for subjugation of media for the purpose of serving the government
The press is an instrument to enhance the ruler’s power in the country. Thus, there is full censorship, a suppression of any communication which may be considered as harmful to the people, the leader, the government, and the nation.
Types of censorship: political censor, moral censor, religious censor, military censor, corporate censor
Authoritarianism and Communism
Functions of Communication in Media
Monitoring Function
Meaning and Significance of Facts
Public Opinion and Expression of Dissent
“Watchdog” role of Journalism
Channel for Advocacy for Political VIewpoints
Enumerate the three types of Media
Print Media
Broadcast Media
New Media
Paper and ink, reproduced in a printing process that is traditionally mechanical
Print Media
Reach target audiences using airwaves as the transmission medium
Broadcast Media
Content organized and distributed on digital platforms
New Media
The co-existence of traditional and new media
The ability to transform into different kinds of media into digital code, which is then accessible by a range of devices
Media Convergence
Enumerate the Effects of Media
Mass Society Theory
Limited Effects Theory
Cultural Theory
Meaning-making Perspective
The idea that the media are corrupting influences that undermine the social order and that ‘average’ people are defenseless against their influence…‘average’ people were all those who did not hold the superior tastes and values of the mass society theorists
Mass Society Theory
media influence was limited by individual differences (for example, in intelligence and education), social categories (such as religion and political affiliation), and personal relationships (such as friends and family).
Limited Effects Theory
Our experience of reality is an ongoing, social construction, not something that is only sent, delivered, or otherwise transmitted by one authority or elite.
Meaning and, therefore, effects are negotiated by media and audiences as they interact in the culture.
Cultural Theory
Active audience members use media content to create meaning, and meaningful experiences, for themselves. Naturally, this use can produce important macro-level, or cultural, effects as well.
Meaning-Making Perspective
