M1 Flashcards
define selective breeding
artificial selection and breading of natural genetic variants found in the wild
what was believed about preformation before the 1600s
the sperm contains a miniature adult
4 objectives of cell theory
smallest unit of life
pre existing cells
all organisms made of cells
who is responsible for the discovery of cell theory
Gregor Mendel, 1866
Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, 1838
Charles Darwin, 1859
Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri,1902
Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, 1838
What did Charles Darwin theorize about
evolution through natural selection
Which scientist was repsonsible for disocvering traits are passed on generation to generation through peas?
Gregor Mendel, 1866
Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, 1838
Charles Darwin, 1859
Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri,1902
Gregor Mendel, 1866
which word is associated with this definition:
Chromosomes carry the genetic information
a) selective breeding
b) hereditary transference
c) chromosomal theory of inheritance
c) chromosomal theory of inheritance
Sutton generated 5 conclusion of chromosomal theory of inheritance which two were wrong
the first division of meiosis is equational
the second division of meiosis is reductional
(it was the opposite)
Name Suttons 5 conclusions
- Two sets of chromosomes (paternal and maternal).
- Synapsis (i.e., pairing of chromosomes during meiosis) is the pairing of the homologous chromosomes.
- The first division of meiosis is equational!!! (turned out wrong)
- The second division of meiosis is reductional!!! (turned out wrong)
- Chromosomes retain a morphological individuality throughout the various cell-divisions
What is the functional determinant of biochemical properties of cells
mRNA
tRNA
cDNA
DNA
DNA
Who discovered structure of DNA
Watson, crick, franklin
define genome
all genetic information that determines an organism’s hereditable traits
nuclear DNA + mitochondrial DNA
what does a nucleotide NOT include
5-carbons sugar
nitrogenous base
chromatin
phosphate groups
chromatin
How many hydrogens bonds for C and G
3
How many hydrogen bonds for A and T
2
What determines the sequence of amino acids in a gene?
The sequence of nucleotide on the coding strand
The coding strand is also known as the sense strand or positive-sense strand.
What is another name for the coding strand?
Sense strand, positive-sense strand, positive (+) strand
The coding strand is crucial for determining the amino acid sequence.
what arm does cricks strand start from the 3’ direction on a chromosome
short arm (p-arm)
long arm (q-arm)
short arm
Coding sequences of genes must be on the Watson strand.
True or False
false
Which is written on top Watson or cricks
Watson strand
define chromatin
complex of DNA, RNA, histone, and nonhistone protein that make up uncoiled chromosome
What percent of chromatin is euchromatin of an interphase chromatin
90%
What percent of chromatin is heterochromatin of an interphase chromatin
10%
define centromere
specialized heterochromatic region where sister chromatid remain attached after replication
Where do spindle fibers attach to
exactly in the middle
centrosome
centromere
telomere
centromere
two chromatids are attached at the centromere by what protein complex
HBA1
cytokines
centromere complex
cohesins
cohesins
describe what numbers and letters mean when describing loci on a gene (ex. 16p13.3)
chromosome
arm
region
band
sub-band
How many genes are there in mitochondrial gene
37
what is word that describes two homologous chromosomes associating with each other during meiosis
synapse
define diploid
2 set of chromosome, 1 inherited from each parent
define haploid
1 set of chromosome
define polyploid and name an example of
a cell containing more than one pair of homologous chromosomes
what differentiated humans and gorillas
the fusing of two ancestral chromosome which created chromosome 2
