M1 Flashcards
branch of mathematics that deals with the scientific collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data in order to obtain useful and meaningful information
Statistics
Statistics is branch of mathematics that deals with the scientific _________, _________, ________, _________, __________ of numerical data in
order to obtain useful and meaningful information
collection,
organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation
specialized subset of statistics that focuses on the collection, analysis,
presentation, and interpretation of data specifically for biology, medicine, and
health-related fields.
Biostatistics
refers to the process of obtaining information
collection of data
refers to the ascertaining manner of presenting the
data in tables, graphs or charts so that logical and statistical conclusions
can be drawn from the collected measurements
organization of data
refers to the process of extracting from the given data
relevant information from which numerical description can be formulated
analysis of data
refers to the process of extracting from the given data
relevant information from which numerical description can be formulated
analysis of data
refers to the task of drawing conclusions from the
analyzed data
interpretation of data
characteristic or attribute that can assume different values
variable
Values (measurements or observations) that the variables can assunme
data
Values (measurements or observations) that the variables can assunme
data
two major areas of statistics
descriptive
inferential
two major areas of statistics
descriptive
inferential
Statistical method concerned with describing the properties and characteristics of a set of data
descriptive
Statistical method concerned with describing the properties and characteristics of a set of data
descriptive
consists of the collection, organization, summarization and presentation of data
descriptive
descriptive statistics consists of the:
collection
organization
summarization
presentation of data
Statistical method concerned with analysis of a sample data leading to prediction, inferences, interpretation or conclusion about entire population
Inferential Statistics
Statistical method concerned with analysis of a sample data leading to prediction, inferences, interpretation or conclusion about entire population
Inferential Statistics
Consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations of hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables and making predictions
inferential
- universe
- entire set of people or objects of interest
population
snakker number of the people or objects that exist within the larger population
sample
numerical characteristic of the population
parameter
measured characteristics of the sample
statistic
Also referred to as attributes
Qualitative Variables
Tyoes of variables
Quantitative
QUalitative
Enable us how much of something is possessed, not just whether it is possessed
QUantitative
takes only certain values along an interval, with the possible values having gaps between them
discrete quanti
can take on a value at any point along an interval
continuous quanti
uses numbers only for the purpose of identifying
membership in a group or category
nominal level
assigning a numerical value to a variable
Nominal level
numbers represent “greater than” or “less than”
measurements, such as preferences or rankings
ordinal level
not only includes “greater than” or “less than” relationships,
but also has a unit of measurement that permits us how
much more or less the object possesses than another
interval level
similar to interval, but has an absolute zero and multiples
are meaningful
ratio level
Classsifies data into mutually exclusive(non overlapping) exhausting
categories in which no order or ranking can be exposed on the data
nominal
Classsifies data into mutually exclusive(non overlapping) exhausting
categories in which no order or ranking can be exposed on the data
nominal
Classsifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise
differences between ranks do not exist
ordinal
Rankss data and precise differences between units of measure do exist;
however, there is no meaningful zero
interval
Po ssesses all the characteristics of interval measurement, and there exists
a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the same variable is measured
on two different members of the population
Ratio
Examples of interval
IQ
Temperature
- branch of statistics responsible for interpreting the scientific data that is generated in the
health sciences, including the public health sphere
biostatistics
-the goal is to disentangle the data received and make valid inferences that can be used to
solve problems in public health
biostatistics
-uses the application of statistical methods to conduct research in the areas of biology, public
health, and medicine
biostatistics
Biostatistics has made major contributions to our understanding of countless public health
issues, such as:
• Chronic diseases
• Cancer
• Human growth and development
• The relationship between genetics and the environment
• AIDS
• Environmental health (the impact and monitoring of)
Specialists of data evaluations
biostatisticians
take complex, mathematical findings of clinical trials and research-related data and translate
them into valuable information that is used to make public health decisions
Biostatisticians
take complex, mathematical findings of clinical trials and research-related data and translate
them into valuable information that is used to make public health decisions
Biostatisticians
-work is also required in government agencies and legislative offices, where research is often
used to influence change at the policy-making level
biostatisticians
-work is also required in government agencies and legislative offices, where research is often
used to influence change at the policy-making level
biostatisticians
Biostatisticians use________ to enhance _______ and bridge the gap between theory and practice
mathematics; science
Responsibilities of a biostatisticians
Designing and conducting experiments related to health, emergency management, and
safety
• Collecting and analyzing data to improve current public health programs and identify
problems and solutions in the public health sector
• Interpreting the results of their findings
T/F
THE validity of their research results depends on how well they can make meaningful generalizations and how well they can reproduce and apply descriptive method
F
experimental method
refer to those generated by a researcher for a specific problem or decision at hand
primary data
have been gathered by someone else for some other purpose
secondary data
Methods of collecting primary data
SURVEY
DIRECT OBSERVATION
EXPERIMENTS
TYPES OF SURVEYS
SELF-ADMINISTERED OR MAIL SURVEY
PERSONAL INTERVIEW
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW
Solicit information from people concerning such things as their income, family size and opinions on various issues
SURVEYS
Relies on watching or listening then counting or measuring
DIRECT OBSERCATION
Purpose is to identify cause-and-effect between variables
Experiments
Mailed questionnaire typically accompanied by a cover letter and a postage- paid
return envelope for the respondent’s conveniece
Self-Administered or Mail Survey
Tends to be relatively expensive but offers a lot of flex
Personal Interview
Tends to be relatively expensive but offers a lot of flex
Personal Interview
referred to as the data collection instrument
questionnaire
T/F
The questionnaire is only filled out personally by the respondent
F
The questionnaire is only filled out personally by the respondent or administered and completed by the interviewer
THE QUESTIONNAIRE MAY CONTAIN THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF QUESTIONS:
Multiple choice
Dichotomous
Open-ended
Some basic points to consider regarding questionnaire design
1. Questionnaire should be kept as _______ as possible
2. Questions should also be short, as well as simply and_______
3. Avoid using ______ questions
4. Avoid questions that respondents may ________ to answer
- short
- clearly
- leading
- hesitate
Methods of collecting secondary data
Internal secondary data
External secondary data
the actual measurement or observation of all possible elements from the population; this can be viewed as a “sample” that includes the entire population
census
every element in the population has equal chance of being included in the sample
Probability sampling
Random samples are selected by using chance methods or random number
Simple Random Sampling
2 main sampling methods
probability
non-probability
2 main sampling methods
probability
non-probability
Random samples are selected by using chance methods or random number
simple random
Random samples are selected by using chance methods or random number
simple random
researchers obtain systematic samples by numbering each subject of the population and then selecting every kth subject
systematic samplinhg
researchers obtain stratified samples by dividing the population into groups according to some characteristic that is important to the study, then random sampling each group
stratified random
Cluster samples are obtained by dividing the population into groups called clusters then randomly selecting some clusters and uses all the members of the selected clusters as the subjects of the samples
cluster sampling
not every unit in the population has a chance of being included in the sample, and the process involves at least some degree of personal subjectiviy
non-probability sampling
types of non-probability sampling
convenience
quota
purposive
type of non-probability sampling where participants are chosen for a sample based on the convenience and probability
convenience sampling
Convenience sampling is usually used for
quick user opinion polls or pilot testing
nonprobability sampling method similar to stratified random sampling
quota
in this method the population is split into segments and you have to fill a quota based on people who match the characteristics of each segment
quota
________ sampling is also called as judgement sampling
Purposive
sampling is done based on previous ideas of population compositaion and behavior
intentionally selecting participants
purposive
Give z-score of the following confidence level
- 80%
- 85%
- 90%
- 95%
- 99%
- 1.28
- 1.44
- 1.65
- 1.96
- 2.58
the number _____ is often used as a rule of thumb for a minimum sample size because it is the point at which the central limit theorem begins to apply
30
error that we expect to occur when we make statement about a population that is based only on the observations contained in the sample taken from the population
sampling error
error that we expect to occur when we make statement about a population that is based only on the observations contained in the sample taken from the population
sampling error
result from mistakes made in acquisition of data or from the sample
observations being selected improperly
non-sampling error
result from mistakes made in acquisition of data or from the sample
observations being selected improperly
non-sampling error
examples of non sampling errors
Errors in data acquisition
Non-responsive error
Selection bias
