M1 Flashcards by Jey SiSi

branch of mathematics that deals with the scientific collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data in order to obtain useful and meaningful information

Statistics

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Statistics is branch of mathematics that deals with the scientific _________, _________, ________, _________, __________ of numerical data in
order to obtain useful and meaningful information

collection,
organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation

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specialized subset of statistics that focuses on the collection, analysis,
presentation, and interpretation of data specifically for biology, medicine, and
health-related fields.

Biostatistics

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refers to the process of obtaining information

collection of data

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refers to the ascertaining manner of presenting the
data in tables, graphs or charts so that logical and statistical conclusions
can be drawn from the collected measurements

organization of data

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refers to the process of extracting from the given data
relevant information from which numerical description can be formulated

analysis of data

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refers to the process of extracting from the given data
relevant information from which numerical description can be formulated

analysis of data

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refers to the task of drawing conclusions from the
analyzed data

interpretation of data

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characteristic or attribute that can assume different values

variable

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Values (measurements or observations) that the variables can assunme

data

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Values (measurements or observations) that the variables can assunme

data

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two major areas of statistics

descriptive
inferential

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two major areas of statistics

descriptive
inferential

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Statistical method concerned with describing the properties and characteristics of a set of data

descriptive

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Statistical method concerned with describing the properties and characteristics of a set of data

descriptive

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consists of the collection, organization, summarization and presentation of data

descriptive

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descriptive statistics consists of the:

collection
organization
summarization
presentation of data

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Statistical method concerned with analysis of a sample data leading to prediction, inferences, interpretation or conclusion about entire population

Inferential Statistics

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Statistical method concerned with analysis of a sample data leading to prediction, inferences, interpretation or conclusion about entire population

Inferential Statistics

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Consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations of hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables and making predictions

inferential

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universe
entire set of people or objects of interest

population

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snakker number of the people or objects that exist within the larger population

sample

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numerical characteristic of the population

parameter

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measured characteristics of the sample

statistic

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Also referred to as attributes

Qualitative Variables

Tyoes of variables

Quantitative QUalitative

Enable us how much of something is possessed, not just whether it is possessed

QUantitative

takes only certain values along an interval, with the possible values having gaps between them

discrete quanti

can take on a value at any point along an interval

continuous quanti

uses numbers only for the purpose of identifying membership in a group or category

nominal level

assigning a numerical value to a variable

Nominal level

numbers represent “greater than” or “less than” measurements, such as preferences or rankings

ordinal level

not only includes “greater than” or “less than” relationships, but also has a unit of measurement that permits us how much more or less the object possesses than another

interval level

similar to interval, but has an absolute zero and multiples are meaningful

ratio level

Classsifies data into mutually exclusive(non overlapping) exhausting categories in which no order or ranking can be exposed on the data

nominal

Classsifies data into mutually exclusive(non overlapping) exhausting categories in which no order or ranking can be exposed on the data

nominal

Classsifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between ranks do not exist

ordinal

Rankss data and precise differences between units of measure do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero

interval

Po ssesses all the characteristics of interval measurement, and there exists a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different members of the population

Ratio

Examples of interval

IQ Temperature

- branch of statistics responsible for interpreting the scientific data that is generated in the health sciences, including the public health sphere

biostatistics

-the goal is to disentangle the data received and make valid inferences that can be used to solve problems in public health

biostatistics

-uses the application of statistical methods to conduct research in the areas of biology, public health, and medicine

biostatistics

Biostatistics has made major contributions to our understanding of countless public health issues, such as:

• Chronic diseases • Cancer • Human growth and development • The relationship between genetics and the environment • AIDS • Environmental health (the impact and monitoring of)

Specialists of data evaluations

biostatisticians

take complex, mathematical findings of clinical trials and research-related data and translate them into valuable information that is used to make public health decisions

Biostatisticians

take complex, mathematical findings of clinical trials and research-related data and translate them into valuable information that is used to make public health decisions

Biostatisticians

-work is also required in government agencies and legislative offices, where research is often used to influence change at the policy-making level

biostatisticians

-work is also required in government agencies and legislative offices, where research is often used to influence change at the policy-making level

biostatisticians

Biostatisticians use________ to enhance _______ and bridge the gap between theory and practice

mathematics; science

Responsibilities of a biostatisticians

Designing and conducting experiments related to health, emergency management, and safety • Collecting and analyzing data to improve current public health programs and identify problems and solutions in the public health sector • Interpreting the results of their findings

T/F THE validity of their research results depends on how well they can make meaningful generalizations and how well they can reproduce and apply descriptive method

F experimental method

refer to those generated by a researcher for a specific problem or decision at hand

primary data

have been gathered by someone else for some other purpose

secondary data

Methods of collecting primary data

SURVEY DIRECT OBSERVATION EXPERIMENTS

TYPES OF SURVEYS

SELF-ADMINISTERED OR MAIL SURVEY PERSONAL INTERVIEW TELEPHONE INTERVIEW

Solicit information from people concerning such things as their income, family size and opinions on various issues

SURVEYS

Relies on watching or listening then counting or measuring

DIRECT OBSERCATION

Purpose is to identify cause-and-effect between variables

Experiments

Mailed questionnaire typically accompanied by a cover letter and a postage- paid return envelope for the respondent’s conveniece

Self-Administered or Mail Survey

Tends to be relatively expensive but offers a lot of flex

Personal Interview

Tends to be relatively expensive but offers a lot of flex

Personal Interview

referred to as the data collection instrument

questionnaire

T/F The questionnaire is only filled out personally by the respondent

F The questionnaire is only filled out personally by the respondent or administered and completed by the interviewer

THE QUESTIONNAIRE MAY CONTAIN THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF QUESTIONS:

Multiple choice Dichotomous Open-ended

Some basic points to consider regarding questionnaire design 1. Questionnaire should be kept as _______ as possible 2. Questions should also be short, as well as simply and_______ 3. Avoid using ______ questions 4. Avoid questions that respondents may ________ to answer

1. short 2. clearly 3. leading 4. hesitate

Methods of collecting secondary data

Internal secondary data External secondary data

the actual measurement or observation of all possible elements from the population; this can be viewed as a “sample” that includes the entire population

census

every element in the population has equal chance of being included in the sample

Probability sampling

Random samples are selected by using chance methods or random number

Simple Random Sampling

2 main sampling methods

probability non-probability

2 main sampling methods

probability non-probability

Random samples are selected by using chance methods or random number

simple random

Random samples are selected by using chance methods or random number

simple random

researchers obtain systematic samples by numbering each subject of the population and then selecting every kth subject

systematic samplinhg

researchers obtain stratified samples by dividing the population into groups according to some characteristic that is important to the study, then random sampling each group

stratified random

Cluster samples are obtained by dividing the population into groups called clusters then randomly selecting some clusters and uses all the members of the selected clusters as the subjects of the samples

cluster sampling

not every unit in the population has a chance of being included in the sample, and the process involves at least some degree of personal subjectiviy

non-probability sampling

types of non-probability sampling

convenience quota purposive

type of non-probability sampling where participants are chosen for a sample based on the convenience and probability

convenience sampling

Convenience sampling is usually used for

quick user opinion polls or pilot testing

nonprobability sampling method similar to stratified random sampling

quota

in this method the population is split into segments and you have to fill a quota based on people who match the characteristics of each segment

quota

________ sampling is also called as judgement sampling

Purposive

sampling is done based on previous ideas of population compositaion and behavior intentionally selecting participants

purposive

Give z-score of the following confidence level 1. 80% 2. 85% 3. 90% 4. 95% 5. 99%

1. 1.28 2. 1.44 3. 1.65 4. 1.96 5. 2.58

the number _____ is often used as a rule of thumb for a minimum sample size because it is the point at which the central limit theorem begins to apply

error that we expect to occur when we make statement about a population that is based only on the observations contained in the sample taken from the population

sampling error

error that we expect to occur when we make statement about a population that is based only on the observations contained in the sample taken from the population

sampling error

result from mistakes made in acquisition of data or from the sample observations being selected improperly

non-sampling error

result from mistakes made in acquisition of data or from the sample observations being selected improperly

non-sampling error

examples of non sampling errors

Errors in data acquisition Non-responsive error Selection bias