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PSYC-1150 > M06 - Consciousness > Flashcards

M06 - Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

Our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives

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2
Q

what does consciousness represent

A

Represents that private inner mind where we think, feel, plan, wish, pray, imagine, and quietly relive experiences

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3
Q

what are the 2 parts consciousness is defined as

A

awareness, arousal

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4
Q

what is awareness

A

Is thoughts about one’s experiences (you see a beautiful flower)

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5
Q

where does awareness occur

A

Occurs in aglobal brain workspace

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6
Q

Qualia

A

The way it feels to experience mental states such as feeling pain

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7
Q

what is arousal determined by

A

reticular activating system

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8
Q

what is arousal

A

The physiological state of being engaged with the environment

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9
Q

controlled processes

A
  • most alert state of human consciousness
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10
Q

what part of brain has the exeutive function

A

prefrontal cortex

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11
Q

lower-level concsiousness

A

automatic processes
- daydreaming

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12
Q

subconsious awareness

A

waking subconscious
- incubation

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13
Q

what was freuds opinion on the unconscious

A

Reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness

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14
Q

what is sleep

A

natural state of rest for the body and mind

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15
Q

how does sleep relate to the conscious

A

Involves the reversible loss of consciousness

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16
Q

Biological rhythms

A

Are periodic physiological fluctuations in the body

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17
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hr basis in many biological processes (e.g., hormone release, body temperature)

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18
Q

Biological clock

A

the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) of the hypothalamus, triggers our sense of fatigue (via increasing melatonin)

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19
Q

what can disrupt our biological clock

A

jet lag, night shifts

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20
Q

how can you reset your biological clock

A

bright light, melatonin, weed oil

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21
Q

why do we need sleep

A
  • adaptive evollutionary function
  • restorative function
  • brain plasticity
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22
Q

what can chronic sleep deprivation lead to

A

Decreased activity in thalamus and prefrontal cortex
Inability to sustain attention
Poor decision making and problem solving
Weight gain
Depression
Increased risk for cardiovascular problems
Decreased immune system

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23
Q

what is Fatal Familial Insomnia

A

This disorder, caused by a genetic mutation, involves a progressive inability to sleep

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24
Q

what does brain plasticity enhance

A

Enhances synaptic connections
Memory consolidation

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25
how much sleep do people with DEC2 mutation need
6 hours or less
26
what triggers falling asleep
increase in melatonin
27
how long is each sleep cycle
90-100 min
28
what are the stages of Non-REM sleep
Stage N1 – N3
29
Stage N1
5-10 minutes, theta waves, light sleep, may contain hypnagogic imagery, hypnic myoclonia
30
Stage N2
20-30 minutes, theta waves, sleep spindles, K-complexes
31
Stage N3
10-30 minutes, delta waves, deeper sleep, crucial for rest, suppressed by alcohol
32
how long is REM sleep
10-20+ minutes
33
what does lack of REM sleep lead to
muscle paralysis
34
what is the difference between REM dreams and Non-REM dreams
REM: More dreams occur during REM than non-REM Emotional, illogical Prone to plot shifts Biologically crucial Non-REM: Shorter dreams More thought-like Repetitive Concerned with daily tasks
35
what is lucid dreaming
Experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming
36
what are characteristics of lucid dreaming
Sleep and wake may not be as distinct as once thought Some report being able to control dreams May help with nightmares, but not other problems
37
what is insomnia
difficulty falling and staying asleep
38
what can insomnia lead to
Higher rates in those with depression, pain, medical conditions
39
what is restless leg syndrome
urge to move one’s legs or other body parts while attempting to sleep
40
what is nacrolepsy
- rapid and unexpected onset of sleep
41
what causes nacrolepsy
Lack of orexin production
42
what is sleep apnea
blockage of airway during sleep
43
Continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP
form of positive airway pressure ventilator, which applies mild air pressure on a continuous basis to keep the airways continuously open in people who are able to breathe spontaneously on their own. It is an alternative to positive end-expiratory pressure
44
what are night terrors
during Stages 3 (N3) and 4 (R), sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep
45
what stages does Sleepwalking usually occur
during deepest non-REM sleep (N3)
46
Freud’s wish fulfillment and dream protection theory
dreams transform our sexual and aggressive instincts into symbols that represent wish fulfillment and require interpretation
47
what is the evidence against Freud’s wish fulfillment and dream protection theory
Most dreams have negative content (not wish fulfillment) Sexual dreams are rare (<10%) Many are straightforward details of everyday activities (not disguised) Post-trauma nightmares
48
Activation-synthesis theory
Dreams reflect brain activation originating in the pons, followed by efforts of the forebrain to weave these inputs into a story
49
dreams Cognitive Theory
Information processing and memory Dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about
50
Hallucinations
realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of external stimuli
51
Alien Abductions
State of being unable to move just after falling asleep or right before waking up
52
what are alien abductions often associated with
anxiety/terror, feeling vibrations, or feeling like there is a menacing presence in the room
53
Out-of-body experience (OBE)
Sense of consciousness leaving one’s body
54
what can OBE be related to
ability to fantasize and to become extraordinarily absorbed in experiences
55
what can trigger Near-death experience (NDE)
by stimulating the temporal lobes, lack of oxygen to the brain, and psychedelic and anesthetic drugs
56
what causes deja vu
Small seizures in right temporal lobe or excess dopamine Prior unconscious processing of the information The present experience resembles an earlier experience
57
dual processing theory
slightly out-of-sync arrival of sensory info from separate pathways
58
Meditation
variety of practices that train attention and awareness
59
Hypnosis
set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
60
what are misconceptions of hypnosis
Produces a trance state in which “amazing” things happen Hypnotic phenomena are unique Hypnosis is a sleeplike state Hypnotized people are unaware of their surroundings Hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis Hypnosis improves memory Hypnosis can induce past life and age regression
61
Sociocognitive Theory
approach to explaining hypnosis based on people’s beliefs and social expectations
62
Dissociation (divided consciousness) model
approach to explaining hypnosis based on separation of the parts of the personality responsible for planning from the part that controls memories (dissociation from consciousness)
63
Depressants
decrease nervous system activity
64
Idiosyncratic intoxication
state in which small amounts of alcohol produce dramatic behavioural changes
65
Tolerance
reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requires greater quantities to achieve the same effect
66
Delirium tremens (DTs)
disorientation, confusion, visual hallucinations, memory problems resulting from alcohol withdrawal, may be fatal without proper medical care
67
Alcohol hallucinosis
auditory hallucinations, sometimes with paranoid beliefs, resulting from alcohol withdrawal
68
what are Sedative-Hypnotics Prescribed for
insomnia, anxiety
69
what are the 3 categories of Sedative-Hypnotics
Barbiturates (e.g., Seconal) Nonbarbiturates (e.g., Quaalude) Benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium)
70
how do Stimulants affect your body
Increase heart rate, respiration, blood pressure
71
Tobacco
nicotine; activates acetylcholine receptors Induces feelings of stimulation, relaxation, alertness
72
Cocaine
Euphoria, enhanced mental/physical abilities, decrease in hunger/pain, sense of well-being
73
difference in occasional vs regular use of Amphetamines
Occasional use - to postpone fatigue, elevate mood Regular use A) Prescription abuse B) Street users (“speed freaks”) - speed binges and crashes
74
what does Opiate Narcotic Drugs do
Relieve pain, induce sleep
75
what drugs are derived from opium poppy
heroin, morphine, codeine
76
Hallucinogenics
Produce alterations in perception, mood, and thought
77
what receptors does Marijuana activate
cannabinoid receptors
78
Amotivational syndrome
characterized by changes in a person's personality, emotions, and cognitive function. A person with this condition will experience a lack of concentration and activeness, apathy, and poor memory.
79
LSD
changes in sensation and perception, paranoia, panic
80
what are the effects of LSD
Mystical experiences - sense of unity with world Panic, paranoia, confusion, flashbacks
81
what is LSD highly influenced by
context
82
what kind of drug is Ecstasy (MDMA)
Stimulant and hallucinogenic
83
what does Ecstasy cause
release of huge amounts of serotonin causing sense of well-being, self-confidence and empathy for others
84
what does long-term abuse of ecstasy lead to
high blood pressure, depression, damage to the neurons that rely on serotonin and more
85

PSYC-1150 (6 decks)

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