M03 Flashcards
M03
Define MALT & give examples
- Unencapsulated tissue of the digestive, respiratory, urinary & reproductive tracts
Examples: tonsils, Peyer’s patches in the ileum
Explain the functions of lymph nodes
- Filter lymph to remove pathogens and foreign particles.
- Produce lymphocytes
Know which lymph nodes receive lymph from which regions of the body
Where is the thymus located?
in the mediastinum, posterior to the sternum & between the lungs
Which cells mature in the thymus?
T lymphocytes (T cells)
What are the hormones produced in the thymus?
Thymosin & Thymopoietin
What happens to the thymus as people age?
it gets smaller as you age
Where is the spleen located?
upper left quadrant
Describe the two tissue types in the spleen
- white pulp (lymphocytes)
- red pulp (RBCs & macrophages)
Explain the functions of the spleen
- filters blood
- removes old or damaged RBCs
- stores platelets
- initiates immune responses to blood-borne antigens
Define immunity
the ability of an organism to resist a specific infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies
Define pathogen
microorganism that causes disease
Compare and contrast innate defenses and adaptive defenses. It could be beneficial to make a table and compare general characteristics (like if they are non-specific or specific), what cells are involved in each, and examples of each (for example, an example of an innate defense is the complement system. An example of an adaptive defense is antibody). Note: there is a lot to know about innate and adaptive defenses. All of the remaining questions on this document tie into innate and adaptive defenses
Give examples of physical/mechanical barriers
Name 4 signs/symptoms of inflammation and explain what causes them
Give examples of chemical barriers and explain the functions of each of the chemical barriers
Explain the function of Natural Killer cells
Define phagocytosis. Name the two most active phagocytic cells
Define chemotaxis
Which cells become macrophages?
Why is fever important?
inhibits microbial growth which then causes the liver & spleen to take up iron, making it unavailable for bacteria & fungi to use their normal metabolism
Define antigen and antibody and make sure that you understand the difference between the two. These terms are often confused. Know that antibodies are also called immunoglobulins
Define the cellular (cell-mediated) immune response
Define the humoral immune response
Know the two main types of lymphocytes and where each matures. Explain functions of lymphoctyes
T cells:
- mature in the thymus
B cells:
- mature in red bone marrow
Explain how T cells are activated
requires antigenic fragments to be attached to antigen-presenting cell (APC, accessory cell)
Define major histocompatibility complex
Name the three types of T cells and explain their functions
Helper T Cells:
- activate other cells
- stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
Explain how B cells are activated
when an antigen fits the shape of their receptors & binds to them ……further activation requires cytokines from T cells
Explain the functions of memory B cells and plasma cells
Memory B Cells:
provide future immune protection
Plasma Cells:
produce & secrete antibodies/immunoglobulins
List the 5 types of immunoglobulins and explain major functions of each. Know which type of antibodies can cross the placenta, which are in breastmilk, which are in body fluids like tears, which causes allergies, etc
Explain major antibody actions (opsonization, agglutination, etc).
Explain major differences between the primary and secondary immune response.
Primary: 1st encounter with an antigen.
Secondary: Subsequent exposure to the same antigen when then produces high concentration of antibodies
Explain the terms naturally acquired, artificially acquired, passive immunity, and active immunity. And then, more specifically: naturally acquired active immunity, artificially acquired active immunity, naturally acquired passive immunity, and artificially acquired passive immunity.
Define autoimmune disease and autoantibodies. List examples of autoimmune diseases
Explain main actions of the digestive system.
Define mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
Be able to list which organs are part of the alimentary canal and which are accessory organs. Be able to list the organs of the alimentary canal in order.
Be able to identify the organs in figure 17.1 and explain their main functions.
Describe the 4 layers of the alimentary canal. Know them in order from innermost (deep) to outermost (superficial). Know which layer absorbs nutrients.
Describe the basic types of movements within the alimentary canal and the overall anatomy of the innervation that controls it.
Define peristalsis and segmentation.
Describe the functions of the mouth and define mastication.
Define lingual frenulum, papillae, and lingual tonsils.
Know how many primary and secondary teeth humans have.
Name the 3 pairs of salivary glands and describe their secretions.
Explain the difference between serous cells and mucous cells in terms of salivary secretions.
Describe the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharnx.
Describe functions of the epiglottis.
Describe functions of the esophagus.
Describe functions of the stomach and define rugae.
Know the layers of smooth muscle in the stomach.
Know the purpose of the pyloric sphincter.
Describe the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus of the stomach.
Be able to list and describe all components of gastric juice including pepsinogen, pepsin, gastric lipase, hydrochloric acid, mucus, and intrinsic factor (slides 38 and 39 in the powerpoint).
Explain functions of somatostatin, gastrin, and CCK.
Explain which things the stomach can absorb.
Define bolus and chyme.
Explain the functions of all components of pancreatic juice including pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, nuclease, and bicarbonate ions (slide 51 in the powerpoint).
Explain the function of pancreatic acinar cells.
Explain the functions of the hormones that regulate the release of pancreatic juice including secretin and CCK (slide 52 in the powerpoint).
Explain endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas.
Explain the functions of the liver and gallbladder.
Explain the functions of the components of bile.
Define jaundice.
Explain functions of the small intestine.
Name the three sections of the small intestine and know their location.
Explain the functions and size of the large intestine.
Describe the sections of the large intestine.
Define autoimmune disease
immune system attacks “self”
Define immunosuppressed
the immune thinks everything is “self” so it doesn’t attack anything
Define digestion
mechanical & chemical breakdown of food
What organs are involved in alimentary canal?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI & anal canal
accessory organs
salivary glands, liver, pancreas, GB
